Lecture+9+slides

Domain Eukarya

• Comprises all organisms with eukaryotic cells.

Domains of Life

• Domain Bacteria: Comprised of prokaryotic organisms.

• Domain Archaea: Also consists of prokaryotic organisms but distinct from bacteria and often found in extreme environments.

• Cyanobacteria: A group of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis.

• Proteobacteria: A major group of bacteria with diverse metabolic capabilities.

Lecture Overview

• Topic: Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

  1. Prokaryotic success.

  2. Reproduction and genetic diversity.

  3. Nutrition and metabolism.

  4. Prokaryotic diversity.

  5. Roles of prokaryotes in ecosystems.

Tips for Exam Preparation

• Multiple Choice Format: Practice problems and knowledge checks in Canvas.

• Review textbook problems for additional understanding.

• Questions will vary; be prepared to list and identify concepts.

• Material Scope: Focus on lecture slides; no specific dates required.

Exam Logistics

• Timing: Lecture is from 12 – 1:20 PM.

• Resources: No notes or phone usage allowed.

• Scoring: Total of 80 points, including 30 multiple-choice questions and 8 short answers.

• Understanding: Clarity is key—spelling does not impact grading.

• Scantron: Bring an 882-E scantron sheet for answers.

Differences Between Meiosis and Mitosis

• Meiosis: Reduces chromosome number; involves crossing over and alignment of homologous pairs.

• Mitosis: Involves cell division for growth or repair without changing chromosome number.

Hardy-Weinberg Practice Scenarios

• Practice determining allele frequencies and genotype distributions in given populations of cats.

Phylogenetic Practice

• Construct and compare phylogenetic trees using shared characteristics.

Unit Readings for Upcoming Exams

• Focus on chapters covering prokaryotes, protists, plants, fungi, and vertebrate physiology for the exam.

Prokaryotic Success Factors

• Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms in domains Bacteria and Archaea.

• Adapt to diverse environments, being the first life forms on Earth.

• Most are unicellular but can also form colonies.

Osmosis Review Concepts

• Hypertonic: Water moves out, causing cell shrinkage.

• Hypotonic: Water moves in, possibly causing cell bursting.

• Isotonic: No net water movement.

Cell Wall Structures in Prokaryotes

• Essential for shape and protecting from environmental changes.

• Bacteria consist of peptidoglycan; archaeal walls have different composition.

• Gram Staining: Differentiates bacteria:

  • Gram-positive: Thicker peptidoglycan layer.

  • Gram-negative: Thinner peptidoglycan and outer membrane.

Surface Structures

• Capsule/Slime Layer: Protects against dehydration and immune response.

• Fimbriae and Pili: Allow adhesion and DNA transfer between cells (conjugation).

Motility in Prokaryotes

• Many prokaryotes can move via flagella.

• Exhibit taxis: movement towards or away from stimuli, like chemotaxis (towards chemicals).

Internal Structure of Prokaryotes

• Lack compartmentalization; possess a singular circular chromosome.

• Plasmids: Small, independently replicating DNA.

Reproductive Strategies

• Reproduce via binary fission; short generation time leads to rapid evolution.

• Genetic Diversity: Result of mutation, transformation, transduction (gene transfer via phages), and conjugation.

R Plasmids and Antibiotic Resistance

• R plasmids carry resistance genes; contribute to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations.

Nutrition and Metabolism in Prokaryotes

• Classified based on energy and carbon use:

  • Photoautotrophs: Use light and CO2.

  • Chemoautotrophs: Use inorganic chemicals.

  • Heterotrophs: Require organic compounds.

Oxygen Requirement in Metabolism

• Obligate aerobes: Need oxygen.

• Obligate anaerobes: Poisoned by oxygen.

• Facultative anaerobes: Can use oxygen or alternate pathways in its absence.

Nitrogen Metabolism

• Prokaryotes can fix atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms like ammonia (NH3).

Biofilms and Cooperative Metabolism

• Prokaryotes can form biofilms, allowing resource sharing and metabolic cooperation.

• Example: Anabaena with specialized cells for nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis.

Diversity Among Prokaryotes

Continue finishing all the notes on a lol the slides

Continuing to complete notes for all the slides involves summarizing key points and concepts covered in each section. Ensure to include definitions, examples, and important distinctions as relevant to the topics on prokaryotes, including their structure, function, reproduction, genetic diversity, ecological roles, and their classification based on metabolism and nutrition. Each slide should be addressed with clarity and depth appropriate for understanding the complexities of prokaryotic life forms.