If the reporting speech is in the present or future tense, it is no longer required to change the verb in the reported speech
If the reporting verb is in past tense, verb will be changed.

When changing

am/is/are-was/were

has/have-had

-ed-had

waws/were+ing-had been +ing

Modals

can-could

will-would

must-had to

may-might

shall-should

If direct speech expresses a general truth, fact, permanent condition, or habitual action, the tense of the reported verb remains the same.

Ex:

He said, “All creatures die”

He said that all creatures die.

Indirect Questions

Questions in direct speech and become statements in indirect speech.

Rules for changing

Use verbs such as asked, inquired, questioned, or wanted to know instead of say/said.
Use the normal word order of a statement
Use if/whether instead of that for yes or no questions.
For Wh- questions(who, what, etc.), use the same interrogative word
Changing the verb tense(backshifting)
Imperative Sentences
sentences that give order or command
can be an appeal, advise, or request.
Transforming to Indirect
Order:
The teacher said to me, “Turn off the lights”
The teacher ordered me to turn of the lights.
Request:
The teacher asked to me, “Turn off the lights”
The teacher requested me to turn off the lights.
Advise:
The teacher said to me, “You should work harder”
The teacher advised me to work harder
Forbade:
The teacher said to me, “Do not use your phone.”
The teacher forbade me to use my phone.
Exclamatory Sentences
sentences that express feelings or emotions
ex: How beautiful you are!
If there is an interjection(alas, hurray, yipee, etc.) they are removed along with the exclamation point
It is replaced with:
hurray-exclaimed with joy/joyfully
ex:
D:He said, “Hurray! I have won the match.”
ID: He exclaimed joyfully that he had won the match.
alas-exclaimed with sorrow
ex:
D: She said, “alas! I failed the test.”
ID: She exclaimed with sorrow that she had failed the test.
how/what-exclaimed with great wonder or sorrow
ex:
D:He said, “How lucky I am to have her".”
ID: He exclaimed with wonder that he was very lucky to have her.
Add very if wonder or sorrow(depends on sentence)
ex:
They said, “These mangoes are sweet”
They said that these mangoes were very sweet
Direct to Indirect

Change the following:

this-that

ex:

D: He said, “I want to buy this book”

ID: He said that he wanted to buy that book.

these-those

D:He said, “I want to buy these books.”
ID: He said that he wanted to buy those books

here-there

D:He said, “I left the files here”
ID:He said that he left the files there

now-then

D:He said, “she is with me now”

ID:He said that she was with him then.

today-that day

D:He said, “I am leaving today”
ID: He said that he was leaving that day

yesterday-the previous day

D: He said, “I visited her yesterday”
ID: He said that he visited her the previous day

Tomorrow-the next/following day

D:He said, “She will return tomorrow”
ID: He said that she would return the following day.

ago-before

D:He said,”I saw her a week ago”
ID: He said that he saw her a week before

last week/month/year-the previous week/month/year

D:He said,' “We broke up last month”

ID:He said that they had broken up the previous month

Persuasive Texts

convince people to accept an opinion or to take a support a course of action
presents and defends a side
uses examples and pieces of evidence to support the claim

Goal

to get the audience to agree with you

General Technique

blend facts and emotions in an attempt to convince the reader that the writer is right. It relies on opinion.

Starting point

identify a topic and your side

Viewpoint

persuasion has a single-minded goal. It is based on a personal conviction. It presents the writer’s side

Audience

know your audience

Tone

consider different emotional tactics that will resonate best with this audience

Attitude

should be more aggressive, personal, passionate, and emotional

Topic sentences for persuasive texts or speech

should be a focused opinion on a significant topic
present an opinion clearly and directly
should be an idea where other people may disagree(should not be a fact)
should be worthwhile to discuss
cannot use facts and highly personal opinions
supporting information should be a strong evidence(better to use the strongest last)
look for examples, reasons, and facts

Persuasive Appeals

Logical-common sense and logic. Facts and statistics
Emotional-reader’s hearts. Emotions such as fear, love, etc.
Ethical-used to establish the writer as a knowledgeable and credible author

Understanding Voice Dynamics

Prosodic Features

speech feature such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added over consonants and vowels
reflects features of the speaker

emotional state
form of utterance
irony, sarcasm, contrast emphasis

needed to express attitudinal tones that convey meaning.

Features

Intonation

rise and fall of the voice in speech. It usually falls at the end of a sentence

rising falling-used for statements and questions
rising intonation-used for yes or no questions

Pitch

highness and lowness of sound
High level pitch: strong feeling
Low level pitch: ordinary feeling
Pitch range to the distance between the highest and the lowest sound
unstressed words and syllables are spoken normally and stressed words and syllables are spoken with a high pitch

Stress

intensity or force of a speaker gives to a syllable or word

Juncture

pause(long pause, half pause, full pause)

used to build excitement

Public Speaking

Speech

a talk delivered before a group of people or an audience
used to convey thoughts or persuade

In a speech, take not of:

speaker’s background knowledge
speaker’s thesis statement
pattern of development(Cause and effect, compare and contrast, narration, description, problem and solution
speaker’s attitude toward the subject
speaker’s purpose

Factors of Public Speaking

Platform Behavior