11 Legal Issues & Ethics - Tagged
Page 1: Introduction
Title: Security in Computing
Notable events:
The inventor of Autocorrect has died.
Legal discussions, issues, and ethics related to computing are highlighted.
Page 2: Protecting Programs and Data
Copyrights:
Protect the expression of ideas.
Authors have exclusive rights to copy and sell their works.
Patents:
Designed to protect inventions and processes.
Focus on tangible objects and scientific advancements rather than arts and literature.
Trade Secrets:
Critical for providing competitive advantages.
Must be closely kept secret to maintain legal protection.
Page 3: Patents
Novelty Requirement:
Inventions must not be obvious to experts in the field.
The patent office must be convinced of the invention’s novelty.
Patent Holder Responsibilities:
Must take action against infringement to retain rights.
Software Patenting:
Computer software and algorithms recognized as patentable since 1981.
Page 4: Patent Examples - Facebook
Mark Zuckerberg’s Patent:
First patent filed by Zuckerberg relates to privacy settings.
Approved in July 2012, focuses on dynamically generating privacy summaries.
Page 5: Patent Examples - Google
PageRank Patent:
Linked webpage valuation algorithm created by Larry Page.
Filed in 1998, crucial for improving search result quality and Google’s success.
Stanford University originally held rights and received stock for licensing.
Page 6: Patent Examples - Drone
Patent of Quadcopter Drone:
Edward G. Vanderlip’s 1962 patent for a helicopter drone designed for easy flying.
Includes engineering that maintains stability in any direction through rotors.
Page 7: Patent Software
Questions for Patent Eligibility:
Does software improve the computer or technical processes?
Provides examples: insulin pumps and connected cars for better accuracy or safety.
Page 8: Copyrights
Copyright Registration:
Protects the expression, not the idea.
Fair use allows critical usage within educational and research contexts.
Software code can be copyrighted, but algorithms cannot unless published.
Page 9: Photocopiers and Piracy
Machine Identification Code (MIC):
Hidden digital watermark used by color printers to trace document origins.
Developed by Xerox, utilized in criminal investigations from 2004.
Functionality:
Encodes printer serial numbers, printing time, and more in nearly invisible dots.
Page 10: Legal Tracking
Forensic Tracking Codes in Printers:
Assumed by many manufacturers to be present for document traceability.
Page 11: Trade Secrets
Legal Protections for Trade Secrets:
Can recover damages if obtained improperly.
Not infringement if discovered independently.
Reverse Engineering:
Cannot protect against software piracy.
Page 12: Comparative Analysis
Copyrights vs. Patents vs. Trade Secrets
Copyright: Protects expression, easy filing.
Patent: Protects inventions with complicated filing; public disclosure.
Trade Secret: Protects competitive advantage, difficult to enforce without disclosure.
Page 13: Rights of Employees/Employers
Patent Ownership:
Employers may claim rights over patents made during employment.
Copyright Licenses:
Programmers may grant licenses for a fee with defined usage rights.
Trade Secret Ownership:
Employers own confidential business information developed by employees.
Page 14: Computer Crime
Property Laws:
Recognizes data and computer services as property.
Evidence Challenges:
Authenticating computer-based evidence is difficult.
Chain of custody must be clearly tracked for legal proceedings.
Page 15: Legal Challenges in Prosecutions
Complexity in prosecuting due to:
Lack of understanding among courts and law enforcement.
Difficulty in identifying harm from cybercrimes.
Victim may choose not to prosecute for trust reasons.
Page 16: UK Computer Statutes
Key UK Laws:
Computer Misuse Act 1990: Outlines offenses like hacking and unauthorized access.
Data Protection Act 2018: Protects personal data.
Other relevant acts address various computer-related offenses.
Page 17: Computer Misuse Act 1990
CMA Overview:
Focus on offenses without explicitly defining ‘computer’ to accommodate tech advances.
Key Sections:
Section 1: Unauthorized access with intent.
Section 3: Acts to impair computer operation, includes recklessness in DDoS attacks.
Page 18: GDPR
General Data Protection Regulation:
Extends EU data laws to foreign companies handling EU data.
Establishes rights for EU citizens regarding personal data use in the digital economy.
Page 19: Ethical Guidelines
Commands for Ethical Computing:
Respect copyright and ownership, avoid snooping.
Page 20: Comparison of Law and Ethics
Law vs. Ethics:
Law: formal, written, universally applied.
Ethics: personal, unwritten principles guiding individual conduct.
Page 21: Ethical Considerations
Steps to analyze ethical issues:
Understand the situation and identify ethical principles.
Weigh principles and make justified decisions.
Page 22: Ethical Theories
Ethical Reasoning Frameworks:
Teleological: Actions based on consequences (perceived good vs bad).
Deontological: Adherence to established moral rules and responsibilities.
Page 23: The Classic Trolley Problem
Scenario: Trolley dilemma involving a decision on whether to save five lives or one.
Page 24: Ethical Frameworks in Trolley Problem
Utilitarianism: Favorable towards actions that save more lives regardless of direct consequences.
Deontological Perspective: Opposes actions leading directly to death, regardless of overall outcomes.
Page 25: Alternative Trolley Problem
The Fat Man Variation: Highlights moral complexities of active vs. passive choices in difficult situations.
Applications of the ethical dilemmas in various domains (medical, AI, etc.).
Page 26: Video Reference
External Video Link:
https://youtu.be/TmlgmOx5vn
Page 27: Computer Use Ethics
Dave’s Scenario:
Examines the ethics of personal use of company resources for stock management.
Page 28: Ethical Evaluation of Dave's Actions
Utilitarian Approach: Balances good vs. bad; minimal system drain.
Universalism Principle: Considers the potential for degraded service if universally applied.
Page 29: Privacy Rights Case Study
Situation with Donald:
Access to tax records and requests for retrieving private names and addresses.
Page 30: Privacy Rights Evaluation
Rule-Deontologist Perspective: Upholds the principle of privacy as an inherent good.
Page 31: Fraud Case Study
Scenario with Alicia:
Tasked to create a program to manipulate company accounting data.
Page 32: Ethical Analysis of Alicia's Dilemma
Truth vs. Deception: Evaluates whether the software's purpose is to mislead.
Assess ramifications of both actions:
Consequences for the company and personal fallout for Alicia.
Page 33: Therac-25 Case
Overview:
Software failures leading to patient overdoses in radiation therapy, emphasizing software oversight failures.
Page 34: Facebook Mood Manipulation Study
Overview of Experiment:
Facebook's manipulation of user feeds to study emotional responses, leading to public backlash.
Page 35: The Monster Study
Controversial Experiment:
Orphans tested with negative speech therapy leading to lifelong speech issues.
Page 36: Ethical Concerns of Autonomous Machines
Killer Robots Discussion:
Impact of delegating moral decisions to machines and issues of accountability.
Page 37: Security Best Practices Overview
Page 38: Best Practices Details
Software Maintenance: Keep software updated to guard against threats.
Password Management: Use unique passwords and consider password managers.
Ad Blockers: Aid in preventing malicious ads and enhancing browsing speed.
Page 39: Additional Best Practices
Monitoring Compromises: Register with haveibeenpwned.com to track data breaches.
Two-step Authentication: Adds a robust layer of security on accounts.
Changing Default Passwords: Important for IoT devices to enhance security.
Page 40: Cybersecurity Wisdom
General advice: Avoid unexplored installations, keep software updated, and remove unnecessary programs.
Page 41: Cybersecurity Certifications Overview
Key Certifications to Consider:
CISSP, CompTIA Security+, CISM, CISA, SSCP, GSEC, CCSP, CRISC.
Page 42: CompTIA Security+ Details
Validates core skills in cybersecurity.
Typical salary ranges based on role.
Page 43: CISSP Certification Overview
Advanced certification, demonstrating experience and proficiency in security program design and management.
Page 44: Certified Ethical Hacker Certification
Focuses on identifying vulnerabilities legally to avert malicious activities.
Page 45: Certified Information Systems Auditor
Emphasizes audit competence, security controls, and compliance.
Page 46: Certified Information Security Manager
Management-focused certifications, relevant for cybersecurity strategy and governance.
Page 47: GIAC Certified Incident Handler
Validates incident handling skills, focusing on response and detection strategies.
Page 48: SSCP Certification
Intermediate credential showing hands-on security system management skills.
Page 49: GIAC Security Essentials Certification
Entry-level certification, establishing foundational knowledge in security tasks.
Page 50: Google Cybersecurity Certifications
Google's Programs: Hands-on experience with cybersecurity tools, both general and cloud computing focused.
Page 51: Blue/Red Team Cybersecurity Certifications
Overview of certifications for different focus areas in cybersecurity (blue team defenders vs. red team attackers).
Page 52: RSA Decryption Lab Task
Structured steps to practice decryption and message recovery using RSA.
Tasks involving factorization, totients, keys, and decryption methodology.
Page 53: Today's Lab Activities
Instructions to complete tasks related to Windows fundamentals and active directory.
Page 54: Summary of Key Points
Integration of copyright, patent, and trade secret laws in software protection.
Interpersonal ethical considerations alongside legal statutes regarding computer crime.
Importance of cybersecurity certifications in the job market.