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1. Academic Art sanctioned by the Royal academies, which provided instruction and sponsored exhibitions. They focused on traditional subjects and highly polished technique

2. Apotheosis elevation to divine status

3. Art for Art’s Sake the painter’s first loyalty is to the canvas not the outside world or the patron and certainly not for use.

4. Barbizon school specialized in detailed pictures of forest and countryside without sentimentalism or romanticism

5. Class Struggle Karl Marx and Frederic Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto, which called for the working class to overthrow the capitalist system as labor was exploited to benefit the wealthy and the powerful

6. Daguerreotype a process developed in the early 19^th century in which a photograph is produced on a silver plate, made sensitive by the action of iodine.

7. Empiricism the search for knowledge based on observation and direct experience

8. Gothick- the ghoulish, infernal nightmarish, grotesque, the sublime (the fantastic, the occult, the macabre)

9. Hudson River School  a group of  American artists who were interested in the American landscape particularly the undeveloped wilderness areas not just the Hudson River but all the developed wilderness even South America.

10. Lampoon satire and ridicule

11. Landscape painting in the Romantic style was often “picturesque” and used nature as an allegory to comment on spiritual, moral, historical, or philosophical issues. Nature was seen as a “being”- “the living garment of God” (Goethe) 

12. Lithography- uses a greasy crayon to write on a stone, the wipes water on the stone. The artist then oil based ink onto the stone, presses the paper to the stone and the drawing transfers to the paper.

13. Modernism seeks to capture the images and sensibility of their age. Besides dealing with the present it also involves the artist’s critical examination of and reflection on the premises of art itself

14. Napoleon established an Empire from 1789 to 1815.He favored the Neo classical style in painting, sculpture and architecture

15. Odalisque a female slave in the harems of the East. It was a favorite subject of the 19^th century artists in a reclining position 

16. Pantheism  a doctrine that equates God with the forces and laws of the universe

17. Positivism -developed by Auguste Comte, believed in a purely scientific, empirical to nature and society. He believed that scientific laws governed the environment and human activity and could be revealed through careful recording and analysis of observable data.

18. Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood organized in 1848wished to create a fresh and sincere art free from what they considered a tired and artificial art sponsored by the academies.

19. Realism focused attention on the experiences and sights of everyday contemporary life portraying the images previously thought unworthy –the mundane and trivial working class laborers and peasants on a scale previously reserved for grand history painting

20. Romanticism a profound revolution in the human spirit of the late 18^th and early 19^th century. The most important elements were feeling for nature, emphasis on subjective sensibility (awareness) and emotion imagination, interest in the past, the mysterious, and the exotic.

21. Second Industrial Revolution centered on steel, electricity, chemicals and oil

22. Supine-exhibiting indolent inertia or passivity

Vista a distant through an opening