Physics Final Exam Review
Chapter 7: Work, Energy, and Energy Resources
Efficiency - a measure of the effectiveness of the input of energy to do work; useful energy or work divided by the total input of energy
Energy - the ability to do work
Gravitational Potential Energy - the energy an object has due to its position in a gravitational field
Joule - SI unit of work and energy, equal to one Newton meter
Kinetic Energy - the energy an object has by reason of its motion
Law of energy conservation - the general law that total energy is constant in any process
Power - the rate at which work is done
Kilowatt-hour - unit used primarily for electrical energy provided by electric utility
companies
Watt - SI unit of power (1 w = 1 J/s)
Work-energy theorem - the net work done on an object is equal to its change in Kinetic Energy
Chapter 8: Linear Momentum and Collisions
Elastic collision - a collision that conserves internal Kinetic Energy
Inelastic collision - a collision that does not conserve internal Kinetic Energy
Impulse - the average net external force times the time it acts; equal to the change in momentum
Linear Momentum - the product of mass and velocity
Perfectly Inelastic Collision - a collision in which the colliding objects stick together
Chapter 9: Statics and Torque
Statics - branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium
Center of gravity - the point where the total weight of the body is assumed to be concentrated
Dynamic Equilibrium -net external force and torque on a system moving with constant velocity are zero
Mechanical advantage - the ratio of output to input forces for any simple machine
Static Equilibrium - the net external force and torque acting on a system is zero
Torque - turning or twisting effectiveness of a force
Stable Equilibrium - a system, when displaced, experiences a net force or torque
In a direction opposite to the direction of the displacement
Unstable Equilibrium - a system experiences a net force! or torque in the same direction as the displacement from equilibrium
Neutral Equilibrium - Independent of a system's displacements from its original
Chapter 10: Uniform Circular Motion A Gravitation
Angular Velocity - the time rate at which an object rotates or revolves about an axis
Angular Acceleration - the rate of change of angular velocity with time
Angular momentum - the product of moment of inertia and angular velocity
Moment of Inertia - mass times the square of perpendicular distance from the rotation axis; I=mr2
Rotational Inertia - resistance to change of rotation
Right Hand Rule - direction of angular velocity and angular momentum in which the thumb of your right hand points when you curl your fingers in the direction of the disk's rotation
Radial Acceleration - the acceleration of the object is along the radius, directed towards the center
Tangential Acceleration - the acceleration in a direction tangent to the circle at the point of interest in Circular motion
Chapter 11: Fluid Statics
Absolute Pressure - the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure
Gauge Pressure - the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure
Adhesive Forces - the attractive forces between molecules of different types
Cohesive Forces - the attractive forces -between molecules of the same type
Buoyancy - the tendency of an Object to float in a fluid
Archimedes' Principle - the buoyant force on an object equals the Weight of the fluid it displaces
Buoyant Force - the net upward force on any object in any Fluid
Fluids - liquids and gasses; state of matter yields to shearing forces
Surface Tension - the cohesive forces between molecules Which cause the surface of a liquid to contract to the Smallest possible surface area
Contact Angle - the angle between the tangent to the liquid Surface and the surface
Density - the mass per unit volume of a substance or object
Specific Gravity - the ratio of the density of an object to a fluid
Pascal's Principle - a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container
Chapter 12: Fluid Dynamics
Bernoulli's equation - the equation resulting from applying Conservation of energy to an incompressible frictionless fluid: P+1/2pv2+pgh = constant, where P is the static pressure, p is the fluid density, v is the fluid velocity, and h is the height above a reference point.
Flow Rate - the volume that flows past a particular point during a time
Fluid Dynamics - the physics of fluids in motion
Laminar Flow - fluid travels smoothly with little to no mixing
Turbulent Flow - fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations and mixing
Turbulence - fluid flow in which layers mix together
Viscosity - the friction in a fluid friction between layers
Reynolds Number - a dimensionless parameter that can reveal whether a particular flow is laminar, transition, or turbulent