Untitled Flashcards Set

This! Epicureanism Founded by Epicurus, this philosophy emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure defined as the absence of pain. Advocates for a tranquil life achieved through modest living, intellectual pursuits, and limiting desires. Epicurus believed that pleasure is the highest good, but he distinguished between higher pleasures (intellectual) and lower pleasures (sensory). The philosophy encourages friendship, self-reflection, and the pursuit of knowledge as means to achieve happiness. Case Study: Epicurus’ Garden, where he taught his followers about living a simple and pleasurable life. Historical Context: Epicureanism emerged in the Hellenistic period, a time of great philosophical exploration following the conquests of Alexander the Great. Stoicism Founded by Zeno of Citium, Stoicism teaches the importance of rationality and virtue in achieving a good life. Emphasizes endurance of pain and hardship without complaint, promoting emotional resilience. Stoics believe that emotions arise from errors in judgment, and a wise person aligns with nature and accepts fate. Key figures include Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius, who contributed to Stoic thought through writings and personal reflections. Example: Marcus Aurelius’ 'Meditations' serves as a guide to personal ethics and self-improvement. Historical Context: Stoicism became prominent in the Roman Empire, influencing leaders and thinkers throughout history. Rhetoric and the Attic Orators Isocrates and the Attic Orators Isocrates was a significant Greek rhetorician who emphasized the importance of education and moral character in rhetoric. Advocated for a practical and persuasive approach to communication, influencing future generations of speakers and writers. The Attic Orators, including Isocrates, Lysias, and Demosthenes, were known for their eloquence and impact on legal and political discourse in ancient Greece. Their works focused on the art of persuasion, ethics in communication, and the role of rhetoric in public life. Example: Demosthenes’ speeches against Philip II of Macedon highlight the use of rhetoric in political activism. Historical Context: The rise of democracy in Athens created a demand for skilled orators in public forums. Themes in Rhetoric The main themes in Isocrates’ work include virtue, education, moral character, and public service. Prominent imagery in his writings often references noble ideals and the importance of self-discipline. The didactic nature of his texts serves as guidance for young men in society, emphasizing ethical conduct. Comparison to other ethical texts reveals the unique approach Isocrates took towards rhetoric and morality. The role of rhetoric in education is highlighted, showcasing its importance in shaping public opinion and civic responsibility. Example: The influence of Isocrates on later rhetorical theorists and educators. Socratic Philosophy and Platonic Dialogues Socrates and the Socratic Method Socrates developed the Socratic method, a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue that stimulates critical thinking. This method involves asking and answering questions to expose contradictions in thought and encourage deeper understanding. Socrates believed that knowledge is a virtue and that the unexamined life is not worth living. His approach laid the groundwork for Western philosophical inquiry and education. Example: The trial of Socrates in 399 BCE, where he was accused of corrupting the youth and impiety, highlights his commitment to questioning societal norms. Historical Context: Socrates’ ideas were revolutionary in a time when traditional beliefs were rarely challenged. Platonic Dialogues Plato’s dialogues, such as 'Crito' and 'Meno', explore various philosophical themes through Socratic conversations. 'Crito' discusses moral integrity and the importance of obeying laws, even in the face of personal loss. 'Meno' examines the nature of virtue, questioning whether it can be taught or is an innate quality. The Slave Boy Experiment in 'Meno' illustrates the theory of recollection, suggesting that learning is a process of rediscovering knowledge. The Doctrine of the Forms posits that non-material abstract forms are the true reality, with the physical world being a mere shadow. Example: Plato’s Allegory of the Cave serves as a metaphor for enlightenment and the limitations of human perception. Aristotle and His Contributions Aristotle’s Philosophy Aristotle founded the Lyceum in Athens, focusing on empirical research and systematic philosophy. His method of teaching, known as Peripatetic, involved walking and discussing ideas, fostering an interactive learning environment. Substance (ousia) is a key concept in Aristotle’s philosophy, referring to the essence of a thing that distinguishes it from its attributes. The Unmoved Mover is Aristotle’s explanation of a primary cause for motion and existence, which itself is unchanging. The Four Causes framework provides a comprehensive explanation of change and existence, detailing material, formal, efficient, and final causes. Example: The material cause of a table is the wood used, while the final cause is its purpose for dining.