Mandate of Heaven	The divine right to rule granted by the gods
Tributary System	Foreign nations had to pay tribute to the chinese emperor and perform a ceremonial act - kowtow (a deep bow)
Qing (Manchu) Dynasty	The Dynasty in China at the time of imperialism
Opium Wars	First Opium war led to the treaty of Nanjing Second one led to the Treaty of Tianjin
Treaty of Nanjing	Britain got: 5 ports Hong Kong The ability to trade with whoever
Extraterritoriality	When people from outside a nation don’t have to follow that nation’s laws
Indemnity	$ loser pays to winner
Treaty of Tianjin	11 more ports opened and loss of territory Opened capital Beijing to foreign powers Legalized Opium More indemnity - $ loser pays to winner Religious freedoms to Chirstians
Taiping Rebellion	Huge, bloody civil war fought mostly in South China Deadliest human conflict until world wars Consequences of foreign intervention
Hong Xiuquan	Rebellion leader who had a vision where God told him he was the brother of Jesus, corrupted the Qing Dynasty and established a new kingdom. He soon gained over 1 million followers.
Self-Strengthening Reforms	1860s after the taiping rebellion Tried to merge Chinese values and institutions with western tech and industry Limited industrialization Failed to stop foreign advances because conservative government officials resisted it (feared “westernization”)
Spheres of Influence	Qing government inability to stop great powers led to them gaining control over large parts of China through series of unequal treaties
Sino-Japanese War	For control over Korea Japan won, got Taiwan and other territories Korea was reed from Chinese control Japan is now dominant Asian power
100 Days of Reform	2nd attempt at radical reform (Failed) Quickly reversed by key Qing officials (Dowager Empress) and imperial army
Open Door Policy	US Free Trade - No restrictions within spheres US didn’t like the spheres of influence system because they were scared of being shut out of Chinese trade The US warned that the collapse of the Chinese government would be bad for great powers so there was a need to keep the Qing government propped up
Boxer Rebellion	Uprising by the Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists Killed westerners and Chinese Christians Qing secretly supported Put down by alliance of great powers Led to more indemnity by concessions Increased support for open door policy Increased Chinese nationalism but weakened the Qing government
Sun Yat-sen	He was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader He believed China needed a complete transformation
Revive China Society	Revolutionary group formed by Sun Yat-Sen and their goal was to overthrow the Qing Dynasty
Three People’s Principles	Nationalism: China free from imperialism Democracy: government chosen by people, not ruled by dictator Livelihood: Ensure all people had the means to live decent lives
Revolution of 1911	Began with uprising buy Sun’s followers Qing Government Collapsed Republic of China formed by CHina soon fell into a period of political instability and Civil War
JAPAN
Shogun	Great General Military Dictator (Top)
Daimyo	Feudal lords/Landowners
Samurai	Warrior class
Tokugawa Shogunate	They ruled (1603-1868) and had control over all elements of society
Matthew Perry	He was sent by President Fillmore to “open” Japan with a letter and 4 warships
Gunboat Diplomacy	Basically gave Japan, or others, no choice but to agree because they brought warships as a threat
Treaty of Kanagawa	Opened 2 ports Opened US consulate in Japan Returned Shipwrecked US sailors
Sat-Cho Alliance	Alliances of Daimyo and Samurai who were angry at Shogun’s concessions to the west rebelled in 1863. Sat-cho attack on western ships (failed) They realized Japan needed to change to survive - needed end of isolation/feudalism and industrialize
Meiji Restoration	Period of rapid industrialism and transformation
Meiji Constitution	Military given a lot of power (veto power) Citizens were given many rights including freedom of arbitrary arrest, freedom of speech, and protection of property rights. However, the government could curb these rights whenever they thought necessary.
Zaibatsu	Large family controlled conglomerates that dominated the economy
Iwakura Mission	When Japan sent representatives to the west to copy them
Russo-Japanese War	Over Korea and Manchuria Japan victory and Russia Humiliated First instance of European power losing to an Asian Nation Led to Treaty of Portsmouth
Treaty of Portsmouth	Gave Japan control of Korea, Manchuria, and other territories

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