BIO FINAL REVIEW VOCAB

Chapter 1

Vocabulary Terms

Biology - The study of life and living organisms, from one-celled creatures to the most complex living organism of all — the human being

Compound light microscope - A microscope with a high resolution and uses two sets of lenses providing a 2-dimensional image of the sample

  Homeostasis - A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly

Theory – a theory is a widely accepted explanation of a biological phenomenon based on sound evidence from rigorous empirical experiments

  Variable - Any characteristic, which varies from individual to individual

   Control - the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied

Concepts

1. List the 8 characteristics of living things.

   1. Cellular organization

   2. Reproduction

   3. Metabolism

   4. Homeostasis

   5. Heredity

   6. Response to stimuli

   7. Growth and development

   8. Adaptation

2. What do controlled experiments allow the scientists to do? How can you test a hypothesis if you cannot conduct an experiment?

   1. Controlled experiments allow scientists to compare the variable being tested in an enclosed and sterile environment over time.

   2. You can test a hypothesis out in the wild where, over time, you can see the environment change to either prove or disprove your hypothesis.

3. What is the basic unit in the SI System for Mass? For Length? For Density?

   1. Kilogram

   2. Meter

   3. Kilograms per cubic meter

4. What is a basic characteristic of a good hypothesis?

   1. If Then Because statement

   2. No pronouns (I, it, you, we, etc.)

5. What are the different types of microscopes we covered in class? How does each one work?

   1. Compound Light microscope: passes a beam of light through an object and then through 2 or more lenses

   2. Stereo Microscope: has an objective and eyepiece for each eye, gives a 3-D view and can view large objects which light will not pass through

   3. SEM Microscope: uses magnets to bend beams of electrons instead of lenses to bend light, used to see surfaces of whole objects

   4. TEM Microscope: uses magnets to bend beams of electrons instead of lenses to bend light, e- pass through specimen and hit fluorescent photographic film

6. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data>?

   1. Qualitative: Observations made with the five senses

   2. Quantitative: Numerical observations

Chapter 2

Vocabulary Terms

Neutron – an uncharged atomic particle

Organic compound - molecules that contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen atoms   Lipids - fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body

     Proton - a subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge

     Ion - an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge

     Isotope - atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (i.e., atomic number, "Z") but a different number of neutrons

Enzyme - proteins – primary constituents of all living organisms     Electrons - A small particle with a negative charge that is found in all atoms

Concepts

1. What subatomic particles are found in the nucleus?  Which are not?

   1. Protons

   2. Neutrons

   3. NO Electrons

2. What is the pH of an acid?  Give examples of an acid.

   1. 7-14

   2. Lemon

3. What is the pH of a base?  Give examples of a base.

   1. 1-7

   2. Dish soap

4. What element do all organic compounds contain?

   1. Carbon

5. What are the characteristics of covalent bonds? Ionic Bonds?

   1. Covalent bonds: shared electrons

   2. Ionic Bonds: give/take electrons

6. What is the category of biological molecule is the main energy source for most cells?

   1. Carbohydrates

7. Which category of biological molecule does not get along with water?

   1. Lipids

8. What are the monomers that make up a Protein? Polysaccharide? Nucleic Acid?

   1. Amino Acids

   2. Monosaccharides

   3. Nucleotides: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

9. What is the difference between polar and non-polar?

   1. Polar: when two molecules bond but it ends up being positive or negative (only slightly)

   2. Non-polar: when two molecule bond and it ends up equal

10. What is on the right side of a chemical equation? On the left side?

    1. Reactants

    2. Products

11. What is the difference between adhesion and cohesion?

    1. Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of hydrophilic surfaces while cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance

12. How does a catalyst/enzyme work?

    1. It’s a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering a reaction’s activation energy

Chapter 8

Vocabulary Terms

Prokaryotic - a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle

Eukaryotic - being an organism composed of one or more cells containing visibly evident nuclei and organelles

cell specialization - the process by which cells develop into specialized cell types with distinct functions and characteristics

osmosis - a process by which the molecules of a solvent pass from a solution of low concentration to a solution of high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

Hypotonic - a solution that has a lower concentration of solute compared to the cell

Hypertonic - a solution that has lower osmotic pressure than another solution to which it is compared

Concepts

1. Be able to identify cell parts based on a numbered picture.

2.  List the function and location of all cell organelles.

   1. Nucleus: Stores genetic information

   2. Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes

   3. Cytoplasm: Contains the contents of the cell wall

   4. Cytosol: Gel-like matrix that holds water and nutrients

   5. Cytoskeleton: Structure, support, and transport

   6. Ribosome: Makes protein

   7. Rough ER: Makes proteins for the endomembrane system

   8. Smooth ER: Detoxifies the cell and makes lipids

   9. Golgi Apparatus: Sorts and ships proteins

   10. Mitochondria: Makes energy

   11. Lysosome: Removes unwanted material and waste

   12. Peroxisome: Regulate biochemical pathways that involve oxidation

   13. Vacuoles: Store water and nutrients

   14. Vesicles: Transport materials around the cell

   15. Cell Membrane: A thin flexible barrier that separates the cell from its environment

   16. Cell Wall: Rigid barrier that protects the cell

   17. Large Central Vacuole: Stores water and regulates turgor pressure

   18. Chloroplasts: Makes food using the process of photosynthesis

3. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?  Give examples of both.

   1. Prokaryotes (Bacteria) are unicellular while Eukaryotes (Humans) are multicellular

4. What is the function of the cell membrane?

   1. To separate the cell from its environment

5. What are the channels and pumps found in the cell membrane made of?

   1. Proteins

6. What is the function of the cell wall?

   1. To protect the cell

7. How are diffusion and active transport different?

   1. Diffusion is a passive transport not active

8. What are the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from simplest to most complex?

   1. Individual cells

   2. Tissues

   3. Organs

   4. Organ systems

9. What happens to an animal cell placed into a hypertonic solution? Hypotonic solution?

   1. It would get shriveled

   2. It would fill up until it popped

Chapter 9

Vocabulary Terms

Pigments- Light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun’s energy

Concepts

1. What are some examples of autotrophs?

Plants, bacteria, etc.

2. Where do the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?  Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

In the thylakoids of the chloroplasts, in the stroma of the chloroplasts

3. What are the products of the light reactions (be specific)?

ATP, NADPH, O2

4. What are some factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?  How do these factors affect photosynthesis? (temperature, light intensity, etc.)

Light, CO2, Water, and Temperature. As light or CO₂ levels increase so will the rate of Photosynthesis to a point, then it will level off.  Photosynthesis will not happen in most plants below freezing, but as temperature increases, the rate will rise to a point, then it will start to decrease because enzymes start to denature at higher temperatures.  Slides 40 and 41 in the notes have graphs representing this.

5. Why are many plants green?

Because of the Chlorophyll inside the chloroplasts that is active when photosynthesis occurs.

6. What would happen to the rate of photosynthesis if carbon dioxide was decreased?

The rate of photosynthesis would be unchanged because photosynthesis does not use carbon dioxide, it makes it.

Chapter 10

Concepts

1. What is the equation for cellular respiration?  What are the reactants?  What are the products?

Oxyen + glucose -> co2 + ATP + water

2. What organelle is heavily involved in aerobic respiration?

mitochondrion

3. What organisms perform cellular respiration?  Where in the cell does it occur?

Heterotrophs and autotrophs, the mitochondria

4. What causes muscle soreness?

Build up of lactic acid

5. What types of cellular respiration and fermentation occur while exercising?  Why do athletes breathe heavy after exercising?

aerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

6. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost the opposite reaction?

What photosynthesis produces, cellular respiration uses and vise versa.

Chapter 17 & 20

Vocabulary Terms

Fossils- the preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried under sediments

homologous structures- structures that appear similar but have very different functions

artificial selection- an evolutionary process in which humans consciously select for or against particular features in organisms

natural variation- whenever a variation naturally occurs in an organism

fitness- an organism’s ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring

adaptation- the adjustment or change in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment

natural selection-  process in which an organism adapts to its environment through selectively reproducing changes in its genotype

Concepts

1. What contribution did Darwin and Lamarck make in the field of Evolution?

Darwin: Hereditary traits were due to a process of natural selection

Lamarck: heredity characteristics were acquired during a lifetime from environmental changes

2. Describe Natural Selection.

   1. Overproduction

   2. Two different variations

   3. Best one increases in population

   4. That type of variation becomes most of the population

3. What is convergent evolution?

When two different organisms evolve similar features due to similar environments

4. What is coevolution?

When two organisms grow and adapt along side each other in response to the other’s adaptation

5. What is adaptive radiation?

A rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor characterized by great ecological and morphological diversity

Chapter 19

Vocabulary Terms

Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of a kind of organism

Taxonomy- the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms

Concepts

1. Name all 3 domains.  Name all 6 kingdoms. Which domains (& kingdoms) are autotrophic?

   1. Eukarya

                                               i.     Animalia

                                              ii.     Plantae

                                            iii.     Protista

                                            iv.     Fungi

1. Bacteria

                                               i.     Eubacteria

1. Archaea

                                               i.     Archaebacteria

2. What is the official language of classification?

Latin

3. How do you properly write the scientific name of an organism?

Genus species

4. What is the order of classification from Domain down to species?

   1. Domain

   2. Kingdom

   3. Phylum

   4. Class

   5. Order

   6. Family

   7. Genus

   8. Species

5. What is the best piece of information to use when classifying species?

DNA

Chapter 21

Vocabulary Terms

Spirillum- spiral shaped

Bacilli- rod shaped

Coccus- spherical

Concepts

1. What type of cells make up bacteria?

Prokaryotes

2. How can Prokaryotes be identified?

No nucleus, single celled

3. What is the difference between vaccines and antibiotics?

Vaccine: a weakened or killed pathogen to build immunity to that infection

Antibiotics: block or inhibit bacterial infections

4. Give examples of diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses.

HIV

Flu

5. What causes antibiotic resistance?

Mutations in the bacteria

6. How do protists move?

Pseudopod

7. What effect does plasmodium have on humans?

Mild symptoms: fever, chills, headache

Severe symptoms: fatigue, confusion, seizures, difficulty breathing

8. What is chitin?

Natural polymer found in fungi cell walls

9. Most of the body of a fungus is located in the ground and is called this…

Fruiting body

10. What is the difference between a lytic and lysogenic cycle?

Lytic: immediate

Lysogenic: Waits, integrates with DNA

11. What are the components to a virus?

Capsid- protein coat

Nucleic acid