Unit 3 Apes Review

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Example
Food is a density dependent factor (also a limiting resource)
-When twice as much as food was added to the dish, both species increased carrying capacity by about 2x
EXP vs Logistic Biotic Potential = Exponential Growth ; max
potential growth rate with no limiting resources
(may occur initially but limiting resources
(predators, food, disease competition) eventually
limit pop to carrying capacity (k) (steep incline in
graph, like a J shaped curve)
Resistance / Logistic = initial rapid growth, then
limiting factors limit pop. To K. (more like a S
shaped curve with pop plateauing out with carrying capacity.

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Calculating Population Change
Population Size = (Immigration + (Births) – (Emigration + Deaths)
- you will also sometimes see this as: ____________________
Ex: An elk pop. of 52 elk has 19 births and 6 deaths
in a season, and 5 new elk immigrate to the herd
and 0 elk emigrate from the herd
Population change was an increase in 18 new elk = 19 + 5 - (6) 18 + 52 = 70 is the total elks now.
*now add that to the original population.
Is this population increasing, decreasing, or stable? It is increasing.
Ex2. Calculate the population size of a wolf pack with 14 members that experiences 5 deaths, 3 births, and 4
new wolves released and joined the pack from a nearby wildlife sanctuary.
7-5 = 2 with a new population size of 16 wolves now.
Is this population increasing, decreasing, or stable? 2/14 = It is increasing by 14%
Ex.3. A population of island birds sits around 100. 100 nestlings are born, but 50 die. 25 older birds are
eaten by predators. 50 birds emigrated to nearby islands and only 10 immigrated in. What is the current
population size? 100+10 - 75 + 50 = -15 + 100 = 85 is current pop size.
Is this population increasing, decreasing, or stable? -15/100 = It has decreased by 15%
Ex.4. A spider population of 250 has 14000 births and 11000 deaths in a season. 1000 immigrate and 800
emigrate. What is the current population size? 14000+1000 - 11000+800 = 3200 +250 = 3450 is pop size.
Is this population increasing, decreasing, or stable? 3200 / 250 = Increasing by 1280%!
( + ) - ( + )
B I D E

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3.6 Age Structure Diagrams (7.42)
Miller &Spoolman text pages: 6.3 p131-132
Learning Objective: Explain age structure diagrams.
Essential Knowledge
1. Population growth rates can be interpreted from age structure diagrams by the shape of the structure.
2. A rapidly growing population will, as a rule, have a higher proportion of younger people compared to stable
or declining populations
Why are human populations sort of different than natural populations?
Bc humans have developed the ability to alter our own resource availability and
our carrying capacity.
What is an age group / age cohort?
Groups of individuals all born within the the same year
Population Pyramids 3 large age cohorts
 Pre-Reproductive – age: 0-14
 Reprodctive – age: 15-44
 Post-reproductive – age: 45+
Difference in SIZE of cohorts tells us
About the growth rate of the country
 LARGER pre-reprod cohort indicates
-indicates current and future growth bc 0-14 will grow up and begin to have their own children
 Roughly equal repro. and pre-repro. indicates
-indicates slight growth/stable population size (wither growing or declining)
 If reproductive cohort is LARGER than pre-reproductive indicates
-indicates, fewer children to replace them and the population is in decline
 If post-reproductive cohort is LARGER indicates
-then population is in decline
Extreme Pyramid shape:
rapid growth
Less extreme pyramid:
Slow, stable growth
House: stable, little to no
growth
Narrowest at base:
declining population
Practice Reading Diagrams Highest to Lowest Growth Rate: India, China, US, Germany Put # 0-14 individuals underneath
India = 360 million, US = 62 million, Germany = 11.5 million, China = 270 million
3.7 Total Fertility Rate (11.07)

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Miller &Spoolman text pages: 6.2 p126-128
Learning Objective: Explain factors that affect total fertility rate in human populations.
Essential Knowledge
1. Total fertility rate (TFR) is affected by the age at which females have their first child, educational
opportunities for females, access to family planning, and government acts and policies.
2. If fertility rate is at replacement levels, a population is considered relatively stable.
3. Factors associated with infant mortality rates include whether mothers have access to good healthcare and
nutrition. Changes in these factors can lead to changes in infant mortality rates over time
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – avg.
number of children a woman in a
pop will bear in her lifetime.
Higher TFR = higher birth rate,
higher pop growth rate (generally)
Affected by:
Replacement Level Fertility
= The TFR to offset deaths in a pop
and keep pop size stable
2.1
In dev countries: about 2.1
In less-dev countries: Higher than
2.1 due to higher infant mortality
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – the
number of deaths of children under
1 year per 1000 people in a pop.
-It’s higher in less developed
countries due to a lack of access to:
health care, clean water, enough
food
In less dev countries: Higher IMR.
Higher TFR due to families having
replacement children.
Global TFR vs. IMR Global TFR -is about 2.5.
Generally higher counties with high
Infant Mortality rates have higher
TFR to counteract the high IMR.
s
Trends in IMR Factors in IMR decline:
-Access to clean water
-Access to healthcare (hospitals, vaccines,
vitamins, and supplements for moms and
babies)
Factors That Affect TFR  Development (Affluence): wealthy nations have lower TFR than less developed nations
-More educational access for women
-More econ. Opportunity for women
-Higher access to family planning education and contraceptives
-Later age of first pregnancy
-Less need for children to provide income through agricultural labor.
-Gov. Policy: can play a huge role in fertility by coercive (forceful) or non-coercive (encouraging) policies
-Forces or volunteer sterilization; China’s 1 (now 2) child policy; Tax incentives to having fewer children
-Microcredits or loans to women without children to start businesses.

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Affluence & TFR -More access to contraceptives
and family planning
-Educational/Economic
opportunities which lead to less
time for having and raising
children
Female Education & TFR More education = fewer
unplanned pregnancy
-More education = more
job. Opportunities for
women this is an
alternative to marrying
young

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3.8 Human Population Dynamics (9.10)
Miller & Spoolman text pages: 1.3 p 17; 5.3 p113; 6.2 p123-128
Learning Objective: Explain how human populations experience growth and decline.
Essential Knowledge
1. Birth rates, infant mortality rates, overall death rates, access to family planning, access to good nutrition,
access to education, &postponement of marriage all affect growing or declining human population.
2. Factors limiting global human population include the Earth’s carrying capacity and the basic factors that limit
human population growth as set forth by Malthusian theory.
3. Population growth can be affected by both density-independent factors, such as major storms, fires, heat
waves, or droughts, and density-dependent factors, such as access to clean water and air, food availability,
disease transmission, or territory size.
4. The rule of 70 states that dividing the number 70 by the percentage population growth rate approximates
the population’s doubling time.
Does Earth Have a Human
Carrying Capacity? Malthusian theory (what Malthus theorized):
-He notices that human population reaching abiotic potential but the food
supply isn’t going up so he predicted things like famine and wars would lead to
Malthusian catastrophe. But he didn’t account for....
Technological Advancement- which would alter food supply.
 Ex. Haber-Bosch
-Alter earth’s carrying capacity with tech. innovation
-Ex: synthetic fixation of Nitrogen in 1918 leads to synthetic fertilizer,
dramatically increasing food supply.
E.O. Wilson - concluded that earth will still experience a carrying capacity to
about 10 billion bc of the limitation of agricultural land
Birth Rate, Death Rate, and
Growth Growth Rate (r) = % increase in a population (usually per year)
-Ex: a growth rate of 5 % for a pop of 100 means they grow to 105.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = Births per 1000 people
Crude Death Rate (CDR) = Death per 1000 people
ex. Global CBR = 20 & CDR = 8 so (20-8) / 10 = 1.2%
Double Time
(Rule of 70) Rule of 70: The time it’ll take for a pop size to double.
Ex: Global growth rate = 1.2% so 70/1.2 = in 58.3 years it will
double
Calculati
on Practice: A country has a CDR of 9 and a CBR of 18. Calculate the annual growth rate, and the doubling
time (18-9) / 10 = .9% growth rate and doubling time 70/.9% = 77.77 years to double
You need to show all setups with units and clearly label answers.

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Factors Affecting
Human Pop. Growth Factors that Increase Population Growth
-High er TFR  higher birth rate
-High infant mortality rate can drive up TFR
(replacement children)
-High immigration level
-Increased access to clean water and healthcare
(decrease death rate)
-Global pop rate = (CBR-CDR) / 10
Factors that Decrease Population Growth:
-High death rate
-High infant mortality rate
-Increased development (education and affluence)
-Increased education for women
-Delayed age of first child
-Postponement of marriage age
Standard of Living
Indicators  Standard of Living – What the quality of life is life for people of a country based
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) = key economic indicator of standard of living
-Total value of goods and services produced
-Per capita GDP is total GDP/total population
 Life expectancy =
o key health indicator of standard of living
- Avg. age a person will live to in a given country
-Increases with access to clean water, health care, stable food sources
High GDP & life expectancy generally indicate a development of a country and low population growth
Math Practice Practice: A country has a CDR of 95 and a CBR of 180. Calculate the annual growth rate, and the doubling
time (180-95) / 10 = 8.5% annual growth rate
70/8.5 = will double in 8.2 years
Practice: A country has a CDR of 7 and a CBR of 12. Calculate the annual growth rate, and the doubling
time (12-7) /10 = 0.5% annual growth rate
70/0.5 = will double in 140 years

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3.9 Demographic Transition (14.16)
Miller &Spoolman text pages: 6.4 p134-135
Learning Objective: Define the demographic transition.
Essential Knowledge:
1. The demographic transition refers to the transition from high to lower birth and death rates in a country or
region as development occurs and that country moves from a preindustrial to an industrialized economic
system. This transition is typically demonstrated through a four-stage demographic transition model (DTM).
2. Characteristics of developing countries include higher infant mortality rates and more children in the
workforce than developed countries.
What is Demographic Transition? (DTM)
Refers to the transition from high to lower birth and death
rates in a coutnry or region as development occurs and that
country from from pre-industrial to an industrialized country.
Key Understandings  Industrialization: the process of economic and social
transition from an agrarian (farming) economy to an industrial one (manufacturing based)
 Pre-industrialized/Less developed nations: A country that has not yet made the agrarian to industrial
transition
-Typically very poor (low GDP)
-Typically high death rate & high infant mortality
-High TFR for replacement children & agricultural labor
 Industrializing/developing nations
-part way through this transition
-Decreasing death rate & IMR
-Rising GDP
 Industrialized/developed nations
- completed the transition
-Very low DR & IMR
-Very High GDP
-Low TFR

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Stage 1
Pre-Industrial
Pop growth is: Little to no
pop growth
-High IMR and high death
rate due to lack
healthcare
-High TFR due to lack of
access to: a) Ed for
women
b) Contraceptives/family
planning
-Little to no growthh due
to CBR and CDR balancing
each other out.
Ex: Virtually no country is
in phase 1of access to
clean water, stable food
supply, and
Stage 2
Industrializing /
Developing
Pop growth is: Rapid
growth, due to high CBR
and declining CDR.
-modernizing brings access
to clean water, healthcare,
stable food supply soooo
IMR and CDR decline.
-TFR remains high due to...
a. lack of ed women and
contraceptives/family
planning
b. Need for chikd
agricultural labor
c. Generalational lag (takes
time for ed. And societal
change to spread)
Stage 3
Developed /
Industrialized
Pop growth is: slowing
growth rate as CBR
drops closer to CDR
-More ed
opportunities for
qwomen
-Delayed age of
marriage and first
child to focus on
ed/career
-Access to family
planning and
contraceptives
Stage 4
Post-Industrialized /
Highly Developed
Pop growth is: CBR drops
lower that CDR and growth
becomes negative
(population DECLINE)
-TFR delcines even further as
families become more
weatlhy and spend even
more time on educational
and career pursuits
-Increased wealth and
education brinds even more
prevalent use of famly
planning and contraception
Economic /
Societal
Factors
 GDP: Low
 Life expectancy:
shorter
 IMR: High infant
mortality
 TFR: High
 Literacy Rate / School
life expectancy: low
 GDP: High
 Life expectancy:
Long
 IMR: Low
 TFR: Near 2.1
replacement level
 Literacy Rate /
School life
expectancy: High
for all
 GDP: Very high
 Life expectancy: longest
of all stages
 IMR:
 TFR: below replacement
level of 2.1 bc highest
contraceptive use
 Literacy Rate / School life
expectancy:

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Stage 1: In this phase, countries have high birth and death rates, resulting in almost zero population growth. The
population pyramid is like a dramatic pyramid, with many infants not surviving to reproductive age. However,
there are no true stage 1 countries in the world today, as even the poorest nations have lower death and infant
mortality rates than their birth rates.
Stage 2: These countries begin to industrialize, providing clean water, stable food supply, and healthcare, which
causes the death rate to rapidly decline. Birth rates remain high due to generational lag time, where it takes a
while for educational opportunities and cultural norms to change, leading to continued population growth.
Stage 3: In this stage, the death rate remains low due to improved access to healthcare and clean water, but the
birth rate starts to fall as families have fewer children and focus on education and career opportunities.
Population growth continues, but at a slower rate.
Stage 4: Highly developed countries have very low birth and death rates, which are nearly equal, resulting in
minimal population growth or even population decline. The population structure has a higher proportion of
elderly individuals compared to other stages.
This model helps understand how a country's demographic trends change as it develops, moving from high
population growth with high birth and death rates to lower growth or even population decline with low birth and
death rates as development progresses