test 3 review

Lab Time and Review Importance

• No lecture this Thursday during lab time.

• Focus on reviewing for the upcoming exam instead of new material.

Efficient Study Techniques

• Use models available on tables to prepare for the exam.

• Tag everything you can, starting with the foundational elements.

• Break down the material into chunks to avoid overwhelm ("Bit by bit, chunk by chunk").

  • Reference the idiom "The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step" to emphasize gradual learning.

Review of Tissues and Muscle Types

Histology Slides and Review Content

• Discuss types of tissues and muscle classifications seen in lab.

• Example images from models and anatomy resources, such as cadaver studies at U of M, are used as visual aids.

Identifying Muscle Types

• Smooth Muscle: Identified by the lack of striations and cigar-shaped nuclei in longitudinal sections. Typically found in the digestive system (small intestine).

• Cardiac Muscle: Characterized by bifurcated nuclei and striations. Identified in images one and five (highlighted nuclei).

• Skeletal Muscle: The only voluntary muscle type. Recognize by its striations.

  • Important to confirm two or three identifying characteristics before classification.

  • Ask yourself additional questions for clarity when identifying muscle types.

Muscle Structure Understanding

• Overview of important muscle structures like fascicles and connective tissue lining (Perimysium).

• Discuss H zone in muscle fibers and changing size during contraction.

• Sarcomere: Defined as the space between Z-discs and is crucial for function in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Neuromuscular Junction

• Components include:

  • Motor neuron axon terminal for muscle control (somatic control).

  • Schwann cells in the myelin sheath for neuron insulation.

  • Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) that facilitate communication across the synaptic cleft.

• Understand that neurotransmitter release leads to muscle fiber depolarization (sodium influx).

Muscle Fiber Arrangement

• Classification of muscle fibers by arrangement:

  • Parallel muscles for long side-by-side fibers (e.g., rectus abdominis).

  • Pennate muscles resembling feathers, show a different arrangement.

Anatomy of Specific Muscle Groups

Head and Neck Muscles

• Review of key muscles involved in facial expressions, such as:

  • Buccinator: Helps with drinking through a straw.

  • Orbicularis Oculi: Muscle surrounding the eye.

  • Platysma: Large superficial neck muscle.

Core and Limb Muscles

• Importance of multiple muscle types in these areas, and their arrangements for functionality:

  • Example: Erector spinae for posture and major muscle groups supporting movement.

  • Muscle relationships and connective tissues like aponeuroses.

Time Management and Study Strategy

• Use group study effectively, tagging known information first.

• Perform quick check-ins on knowledge (spot checks).

• Emphasize slow oxidative muscle fibers for extended endurance activities related to posture.

• Cultivate confidence in knowledge through proper preparation to reduce exam anxiety.

Preparing for the Exam

• Review all muscle types and functions, focusing on key characteristics.

  • Visualize and practice identifying these through models and images.

• Remember, the emphasis is on confidence and systematic study to master anatomy effectively.