Cells and Organelles

• The Work of Life
  • What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live
  • “Breathe”
    • Gas exchange
    • O2 in vs. CO2 out
  • Eat
    • Take in and digest food
  • Make energy
    • ATP
  • Build molecules
    • Proteins
    • Carbohydrates
    • Fats
    • Nucleic acids
  • Removes waste
  • Control internal conditions
    • Homeostasis
  • Respond to external environment
  • Build more cells
    • Growth
    • Repair
    • Reproduction
    • Development
• The Jobs of Cells
  • Make energy
  • Need energy for all activities
  • Need to clean up waste produced while making energy
  • Make proteins
  • Proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them
  • Make more cells
  • For growth
  • To replace damaged or diseased cells
• Organelles
  • Do the work of the cells
  • Each structure has a job to do
    • Keeps the cell alive
• Cells need power
  • Making energy
  • To fuel daily life and growth
    • Take in food and digest it
    • Take in oxygen
    • Make ATP
    • Remove waste
  • Organelles that do the work
    • Cell membrane
    • Lysosomes
    • Vacuoles and vesicles
    • Mitochondria
• Cell Membrane
  • Function
  • Separates cell from outside
  • Controls what enters or leaves cell
  • Recognizes signals from other cells
    • Allows communication between cells
  • Structure
  • Double layer of fat
    • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Receptor molecules
    • Proteins that receive signals
• Lysosomes
  • Function
  • Digest food
    • Used to make energy
  • Clean up and recycle
    • Digest broken organelles
  • Structure
  • Membrane sac of digestive enzymes
• Mitochondria
  • Function
  • Make ATP energy from cellular respiration
  • Structure
  • Double membrane
• Plants Make Energy in Two Ways
  • Mitochondria
  • Make energy from sugar and oxygen
    • Cellular respiration
  • Chloroplasts
  • Make energy and sugar from sunlight
    • Photosynthesis
• Proteins
  • Making proteins
  • To run, the cell needs to
    • Read genes
    • Build proteins
    • Structural proteins

Muscle fibers

Hair

Skin

Claws

• Enzymes

Speed up chemical reactions

• Signals

Hormones

• Receptors
  • Organelles
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
    • ER
  • Golgi apparatus
• Nucleus
  • Function
  • Control center of the cell
  • Protects DNA
    • Instructions for building proteins
  • Structure
  • Nuclear membrane
  • Nucleolus
    • Ribosome factory
  • Chromosomes
    • DNA
• Ribosomes
  • Function
  • Protein factories
  • Read instructions to build proteins from DNA
  • Structure
  • Some free in cytoplasm
  • Some attached to ER
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Function
  • Works on proteins
    • Helps complete the protein after ribosome builds them
  • Makes membranes
  • Structure
  • Rough ER
    • Ribosomes attached
    • Works on proteins
  • Smooth ER
    • Makes membranes
• Golgi Apparatus
  • Function
  • Finishes, sorts, labels, and ships proteins
  • Ships proteins in vesicles
  • Structure
  • Membrane sacs
• Cell Reproduction
  • Making more cells
  • Copy DNA
  • Make extra organelles
  • Divide the new DNA and new organelles between two new “daughter” cells
  • Organelles
  • Nucleus
  • Centrioles
• Centrioles
  • Function
  • Help coordinate cell division
    • Only in animal cells
  • Structure
  • One pair in each cell

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