Cells and Organelles

  • The Work of Life
    • What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live
    • “Breathe”
      • Gas exchange
      • O2 in vs. CO2 out
    • Eat
      • Take in and digest food
    • Make energy
      • ATP
    • Build molecules
      • Proteins
      • Carbohydrates
      • Fats
      • Nucleic acids
    • Removes waste
    • Control internal conditions
      • Homeostasis
    • Respond to external environment
    • Build more cells
      • Growth
      • Repair
      • Reproduction
      • Development
  • The Jobs of Cells
    • Make energy
    • Need energy for all activities
    • Need to clean up waste produced while making energy
    • Make proteins
    • Proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them
    • Make more cells
    • For growth
    • To replace damaged or diseased cells
  • Organelles
    • Do the work of the cells
    • Each structure has a job to do
      • Keeps the cell alive
  • Cells need power
    • Making energy
    • To fuel daily life and growth
      • Take in food and digest it
      • Take in oxygen
      • Make ATP
      • Remove waste
    • Organelles that do the work
      • Cell membrane
      • Lysosomes
      • Vacuoles and vesicles
      • Mitochondria
  • Cell Membrane
    • Function
    • Separates cell from outside
    • Controls what enters or leaves cell
    • Recognizes signals from other cells
      • Allows communication between cells
    • Structure
    • Double layer of fat
      • Phospholipid bilayer
    • Receptor molecules
      • Proteins that receive signals
  • Lysosomes
    • Function
    • Digest food
      • Used to make energy
    • Clean up and recycle
      • Digest broken organelles
    • Structure
    • Membrane sac of digestive enzymes
  • Mitochondria
    • Function
    • Make ATP energy from cellular respiration
    • Structure
    • Double membrane
  • Plants Make Energy in Two Ways
    • Mitochondria
    • Make energy from sugar and oxygen
      • Cellular respiration
    • Chloroplasts
    • Make energy and sugar from sunlight
      • Photosynthesis
  • Proteins
    • Making proteins
    • To run, the cell needs to
      • Read genes
      • Build proteins
      • Structural proteins

Muscle fibers

Hair

Skin

Claws

  • Enzymes

Speed up chemical reactions

  • Signals

Hormones

  • Receptors
    • Organelles
    • Nucleus
    • Ribosomes
    • Endoplasmic reticulum
      • ER
    • Golgi apparatus
  • Nucleus
    • Function
    • Control center of the cell
    • Protects DNA
      • Instructions for building proteins
    • Structure
    • Nuclear membrane
    • Nucleolus
      • Ribosome factory
    • Chromosomes
      • DNA
  • Ribosomes
    • Function
    • Protein factories
    • Read instructions to build proteins from DNA
    • Structure
    • Some free in cytoplasm
    • Some attached to ER
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
    • Function
    • Works on proteins
      • Helps complete the protein after ribosome builds them
    • Makes membranes
    • Structure
    • Rough ER
      • Ribosomes attached
      • Works on proteins
    • Smooth ER
      • Makes membranes
  • Golgi Apparatus
    • Function
    • Finishes, sorts, labels, and ships proteins
    • Ships proteins in vesicles
    • Structure
    • Membrane sacs
  • Cell Reproduction
    • Making more cells
    • Copy DNA
    • Make extra organelles
    • Divide the new DNA and new organelles between two new “daughter” cells
    • Organelles
    • Nucleus
    • Centrioles
  • Centrioles
    • Function
    • Help coordinate cell division
      • Only in animal cells
    • Structure
    • One pair in each cell