Page 1:

Concept map and visual-verbal illustrations

• Visual-verbal illustrations are ways of presenting information in a simple and attractive manner

• These illustrations help explain concepts easily using graphs, maps, tables, infographics, charts, etc.

Different kinds of graphs

• Line Graph: Presents information trends using data dots connected by straight line segments

• Bar Graph: Characterizes categorical data with rectangular bars of equal width

COVID-19 cases in the Philippines

• Line graph shows the increase in COVID-19 cases from March to June 2020

• Bar graph shows the same increase in a different visual format

Table and flowchart

• Table: Organized arrangement of data in rows and columns

• Flowchart: Illustration that shows a step-by-step process

Infographic and map

• Infographic: Combination of visual images and text presentation of specific information

• Map: Diagram or visual representation that shows the relative position of parts

Page 2:

Facts and opinions

• Facts are statements that are true and can be verified objectively

• Opinions are statements that reflect people's views or ideas about subjects and topics

Opinion-marking signals

• Group of words that introduce opinions and help express and identify them

• Examples: "I think," "In my opinion," "Based on what I know," etc.

Examples of opinion-marking signals

• Introductory words/phrases: "I think," "In my opinion," "From my point of view," etc.

• Opinion clues: Qualifiers of quantity, time, relative quality, certainty, descriptive adjectives

Functions of opinion-marking signals

• Expressing opinions

• Expressing agreement

• Expressing disagreement

• Politely interrupting a conversation

Page 3:

Expressing agreement

• Agreeing with someone's idea or opinion

• Examples: "I agree," "That's true," "I think so too," etc.

Expressing disagreement

• Disagreeing with someone's idea or opinion

• Examples: "I see your point, but," "I'm afraid I disagree," "Sorry but I beg to disagree," etc.

Politely interrupting a conversation

• Interrupting a conversation for clarification or to add something

• Examples: "I don't mean to intrude, but," "If I may interrupt," "Excuse me but in my opinion," etc.

Page 4: Multimodal Texts

• Multimodal Texts require the processing of more than one method and the recognition of the interconnections between information.

• Five broad semiotic or meaning making systems: written-linguistic, visual, audio, gestural, and spatial patterns of meaning.

  • Written/Linguistic: concerns spoken and written language through use of vocabulary, generic structure, and grammar.

  • Audio: concerns music, sound effects, noises, ambient noise, and silence, through use of volume, pitch, and rhythm.

  • Visual: concerns still and moving images through use of color, saliency, page layouts, vectors, viewpoint, screen formats, visual symbols, shot framing, subject distance and angle, camera movement, subject movement.

  • Gestural: concerns movement of body, hands, and eyes; facial expression, demeanors, and body language, and use of rhythm, speed, stillness, and angles.

  • Spatial: concerns environmental spaces and architectural spaces and use of proximity, direction, layout, position of and organization of objects in space.

• Different types of Multimodal texts:

  1. Live multimodal texts: combinations of different modes such as gestural, spatial, audio, and oral language.

  • Dance: expression of an idea or emotion through body movements in a rhythmic way, accompanied with music.

  • Oral Presentation: delivery of an idea in front of a public audience.

  2. Digital multimodal texts: dynamic combinations of various modes across written and spoken language, still and moving visual image, audio, gesture, and spatial communicative resources.

  • Films: storytelling using a series of moving images shown on the screen, usually with sounds.

  • Animation: storytelling using figures that are manipulated to appear as a series of moving images.

  • Slideshows: presentation based on a series of projected images or photographic slides.

  • E-posters: digital presentation of a study accessed through software.

  • Digital stories: multimedia presentation of a narrative structure combining a variety of digital elements.

  3. Paper-based multimodal texts: conveyed to the reader through varying combinations of written language and still images.

  • Infographics: collection of images, charts, and data to present quick and clear information.

  • Graphic texts: presents information and data with the use of words in diagrams and drawings.

  • Posters: large printed picture or notice used for advertising or decoration.

  • Comics: medium of narration using images combined with text.

  • Picture: image or drawing that represents a certain topic.

Page 5: Comparing and Contrasting

• Opinion refers to a view or judgement formed in the mind about a particular topic or issue.

• Comparing is the process of looking at the similarities of two things or ideas.

• Contrasting is the process of looking at the differences between two things or ideas.

• Reasons for comparing and contrasting:

  1. Identify similarities and differences between ideas.

  2. Better comprehend the issues raised or points made in any reading passage.

  3. Useful when making a stand or giving opinions.

  4. Form informed and evidence-based opinions.

• Words and phrases signaling comparison: similarly, likewise, in like manner, the same with, in the same manner, also.

• Words and phrases signaling contrast: but, nevertheless, in contrast, instead, while, however, even though, otherwise, yet, though, on the other hand, on the contrary.

Page 6: Positive and Negative Messages

• Two categories of language: literal and figurative.

• Literal language means words or phrases mean exactly what they are supposed to mean.

• Positive and negative messages in a text can be identified through explicit markers or signal words/phrases/expressions.

• Positive signals: expressing gratitude, motivational/encouraging/constructive remarks, giving congratulatory remarks, expressing agreement, giving greetings/well-wishes, expressing happiness/blessedness.

• Negative signals: expressing negation and negative expression, expressing disappointment, when limiting.

• Mathematical rules can also be applied in recognizing positive and negative messages conveyed in a text.

• Conjunctive adverbs and word connectors for comparison and contrast can also help recognize whether a message is positive or negative.

• Figurative language is when the message is implicitly expressed and departs from the dictionary meaning.

• Commonly used figurative language: hyperbole, simile, metaphor, euphemism, sarcasm, proverb, idiom.

Page 7: Examples of Figurative Language

• Hyperbole: use of exaggeration or overstatement to emphasize a point.

• Simile: comparison of two different things using "as" and "like".

• Metaphor: direct comparison of two different things without using "as" and "like".

• Euphemism: mild or indirect expression or word that substitutes a crude, blunt, vulgar, embarrassing, hurtful, or unpleasant word.

• Sarcasm: used to annoy or mock someone, can also be used for humor.

• Proverb: old but familiar saying that usually gives advice.

• Idiom: phrase or expression whose meaning is different from the individual words.

Page 8: Examples of Idioms

• Piece of cake: easy.

• Raining cats and dogs: raining hard.

• Crocodile tears: insincere.

• Barking at the wrong tree: looking at the wrong place.

• Spill the beans: reveal a secret.

• Break the ice: make people comfortable with each other.

Page 9: "MY THAI CAT" by Pratoomratha Zeng

• Siamese cat named Sii Sward elected as Rain Queen by villagers during drought in 1925

• Villagers performed Nang Maaw rain ceremony, but nothing happened

• Old lady asked for Sii Sward's help for rain, Zeng was hesitant

• Zeng's father understood and did not let the cat die

• Sii Sward misbehaved during ceremony but calmed down when Zeng approached

• Cat fell asleep for three days during ceremony, then rain fell

• Sii Sward elected as Rain Queen of the village

"Our Heroes from Different Times"

• Rajah Sulayman and Jose Rizal fought against Spanish oppression

• Sulayman fought with a sword, Rizal fought with a pen

• Both died for the cause of freedom

• Their actions awakened Filipino consciousness and the importance of celebrating independence

• Heroes because of their will and courage to put others first

• Bayanihan spirit of helping and supporting one another

• Modern-day heroes in pandemic: health workers, soldiers, police, community volunteers

• Being a hero is about living for something and putting others first

"What is an Educated Filipino?" (An Excerpt) by Francisco Benitez

• Education and qualities of an educated man vary in response to society

• Changes in social life due to contact with Americans

• Improved communication and understanding among different sections of the country

• Growth of public schools and democratic institutions

• Education now a public function for national service and welfare

• Educated Filipino should have the power to do and take an active part in progress

Page 10:

"Why Many Tourists Visit the Philippines?" by Fanny Andrea B. Naranjo

• Philippines known for hospitable and accommodating people

• Filipinos always ready to help and share with others

• Beautiful islands and beaches like Palawan, Bohol, Siargao, Leyte, and Boracay

• Unique culture and delicious local foods

• Many foreigners love the Philippines and continue to visit or even stay

"The Fruit of Perseverance" by Fanny Andrea B. Naranjo

• Buboy, a Grade 8 student, made a video-advertisement about the Philippines

• Given a week to complete the task

• Buboy submitted an excellent output before the deadline

• Wena wondered how he managed despite