%%Integumentary%%
- forms the external body covering
- protects deeper tissue from injury
- synthesis vitamin D
- location of cutaneous nerve receptors
%%Skeletal%%
- protects and supports body organs
- provides muscle attachment for movement
- site of blood cell formation
- stores minerals
%%Muscular%%
- allows locomotion
- maintains posture
- produces heat
%%Nervous%%
- fast-acting control system
- responds to internal and external change
- activates muscles and glands
%%Endocrine%%
- secretes regulatory hormones
- growth
- reproduction
- metabolism
%%Cardiovascular%%
- transports materials in body via blood pumped by the heart
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- nutrients
- wastes
%%Lymphatic%%
- returns fluids to blood vessels
- disposes of debris
- involved in immunity
%%Respiratory%%
- keeps blood supplied with oxygen
- removes carbon dioxide
%%Digestive%%
- breaks down food
- allows for nutrient absorption into blood
%%Urinary%%
- eliminates nitrogenous wastes
- maintains acid - base balance
- regulation of materials
- water
- electrolytes
%%Reproductive%%
- production of offspring

==Necessary Life Functions==

maintain boundaries
%%movement%%
- locamotion
- movement of substances
%%responsiveness%%
- ability to sense changes and react
%%metab%%olism - chemical reactions within the body
- production of energy
- making body structures
%%excretion%%
- elimination of waste from metabolic reaction
%%reproduction%%
- production of future generation
%%growth%%
- increasing of cell size and number

==Survival Needs==

%%nutrients%%
- chemicals for energy and cell building
- includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
%%oxygen%%
- required for chemical reactions
%%water%%
- 60-80% of body weight
- provides for metabolic reaction
- stable body temperature
- atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

==Homeostasis==

==Maintaining Homeostasis==

The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
- %%receptor%%
- responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
- sends information to the control center
%%control center%%
- determines set point
- analyzes information
- determines appropriate response
%%effector%%
- provides a means for response to the stimulus

==The Language of Anatomy==

==Orientation and Directional Terms==

Superior (cranial or cephalad) - toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body above
- the forehead is superior to the nose
Inferior (caudal) - away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body below
- the naval is inferior to the breastbone
Anterior (ventral) - toward or at the front of the body; in front of
- breastbone anterior to the spine
Posterior (dorsal) - toward or at the backside of the body; behind
- heart posterior to the breastbone
Medial - toward or at the middle of the body; on the inner side of
- heart is medial to the arm
Lateral - away from the midline of the body; on the outside of
- arms are lateral to the chest
Intermediate - between a more medial and more lateral structure
- armpit is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
Proximal - close to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal - farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- the knee is distal to the thigh
Superficial - toward or at the body
- the skin is superficial to the skeleton
Deep - away from the body surface; more internal
- the lungs are deep to the ribcage