Intro : 

human rights = much broader, rights all should have 

civil rights = based upon Amendments + SCOTUS decisions = rights of citizens 

why need for c.r mvt : there should not be a need bc of 14th Am = states what a citizen is + all citizens equal under the law. 

15th Am = guaranteed all men right to vote, including formerly enslaved ppl 

2 reasons : 

• failure of Reconstruction

• institutionalized / systemic racism ( Jim Crow 1898 Plessy V. Ferguson established separate but equal doctrine. This is the legal basis for segregation. Plessy wanted to challenge segregation but Scotus decided against him) ⇒ parts of gov which are supposed to protect your rights, are violating them : courts, police, scotus is against you 

I. The struggle for civil rights can be broken down into three stages, after ww2 : 

1.) Executive action by POTUS, and legal challenges that made it to SCOTUS. ⇒ top-down; individual action = president or individual challenging the law

2.) A more widespread movement mostly of POC that came about because of the bus boycott after the arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama. ⇒ her action led to mvt 

3.) An integrated movement that was able to pressure Congress to pass legislation. ⇒ w ppl also sympathizers = more pressure on congress. This was aided by President Johnson and the ideals of the "Great Society". The Great Society was the name given to BJs domestic agenda to create equal opportunity.

II. The methods used to fight for civil rights also evolved:

1.) Individual challenges through the courts and civil disobedience = peacefully breaking the law to make a point, like Rosa Parks.

2.) In addition to civil disobedience, leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. advocated for nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience. Tactics such as sit-ins, marches, and boycotts were used to challenge segregation and demand equal rights. The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington (1963) are prime examples of nonviolent protest movements.

3.) Manipulating the media to cover "creative tension" which means a non-violent protest that provokes a violent reaction by the authorities. role of media essential = naive, tragic belief that if Am knew what was happening, they would help us. truth = see these horrible images, but easy to still go on w/ everyday life

4.) Community Organizing and Grassroots Movements: Grassroots efforts at the local level were essential in mobilizing communities and sustaining momentum for the civil rights movement. Churches, schools, and community organizations played a vital role in organizing protests, boycotts, and voter registration campaigns. eg : church = biggest public place where B could meet + gave them inspiration

5.) The creation of national organizations to coordinate action and to teach young people how to protest through simulations. ⇒ trained how to react, not react + how to organize boycott 

1910 NAACP founded. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People = legal orga, helped for legal challenges 

1941 FDR issues an E.O. barring defense contracts to firms that discriminate based on race or ethnic background.

1942 FDR issues E.O. 9066 ordering the internment of Japanese-Americans. ⇒ shows how can help or hurt c.r.  

= not part of question 

HST E.O. 9981 1948 desegregated the armed services = took a risk in pres election year = brave. pres acting as individual to help protect guys wearing uniforms 

1952-- The Sweatt Decision---The U.S. Supreme Court orders the University of Texas Law School to admit a black student, citing “intangible benefits" ( reputation + contacts ) offered by attending an all-white school. The court maintained that “separate but equal" did not apply to this case.

This was the beginning of the end for Plessy v. Ferguson

1954-- The Supreme Court orders that segregation in public schools must be stopped. Brown v Board of Edu : Orders the INTEGRATION of blacks into white schools.

--Many Southern States threaten "Massive Resistance" to the ruling.

Citizens Councils form to fight desegregation. ⇒ cover for w supremacy = nullification doctrine(states can nullify action of fed gov ) 

--By 1956, 101 Southern Congressmen publish a "Southern Manifesto" denouncing the court's decision.

--By the end of 1956 in the Deep South, not a single Black has entered a white school.

Emit Till lynched 1955: shows institutionalized racism. murderers found not guilty by an all white jury. Role of media = mother knew international pwr = open casket funeral 

MEANWHILE.... In MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA...

A black lady named Rosa Parks is going to make history by challenging Jim Crow laws on Montgomery buses. Rosa is arrested in December of 55 for not giving up her seat to a white. This begins the modern civil rights movement. ⇒ tired morally of this humiliation. got arrested so she can challenge the law 

-Black leaders met the next day to organize a bus boycott. The meeting is held in Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, where 26 year-old Pastor Martin Luther King jr. presides. role of minister = getting involved in soc mvt. Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA): their CR are missing in action 

King: Fantastic orator, speeches full of biblical allusions that Blacks identify with.

King had studied the non-violent protests, passive resistance of Henry David Thoreau and Mahatma Gandhi. Role of media: nightly news broadcast showing b ppl walking rather than take bus; role of church

RESULT:

1)Boycott ended in victory for thé blacks (DEC 56) since the bus company: business depended on them. SCOTUS ruled segregation on public buses unconstitutional ( making flyers, create infrastructures ( get ppl places, shadow taxi service ), donate cars, drivers for certain hours, collect money for gas and telephone rooms ) == massive organization

b wmn = usually household servants for w families ⇒ w wmn started picking up their household servant to get her to do those things ⇒ in a car together, could exchange / bond ⇒ beg of integration = have same issues regardless of skin color 

2.)MLK gets international attention, career launched as CR activist; not inevitable that he would be leader of this mvt bc : 

• he’s a minister = supposed to save souls not lead mvt ⇒ personal, individual decision 

He mixes patriotism / loyalty w/ religion ⇒ appealing to all americans + religious community 

method = broad appeal to patriotic values + religious appeal = god is on our side 

organizes the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957 to organize other protests. ⇒ 1st orga which teaches how to protest 

MEANWHILE...at LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS 1957

wanted to take lead in terms of integration BUT Arkansas Governor Faubus put the idea of Massive Resistance into action by defying Federal law and calling out the Arkansas National Guard to prevent 9 black students from attending Central High School.

• State Court orders Faubus to remove troops, says that there is no reason to deploy them, since there is no threat to the Public order.

• Students try to enter the school again, this time, thanks to the school's gym teacher and his football team, there is a threat to the public, and the black students have to be evacuated

• IKE'S REACTION: Ike Federalizes the State National Guard, and orders 1,000 U.S. Paratroopers to escort the Blacks to school, which is done for the entire school year at a cost of $4,000,000!!

• GOVERNOR'S REACTION: Closes the school the next year, but the school re-opens in '59 when both State and Federal Courts bar any $ from going to segregated schools.

method = power of fed gov steeped in ⇒ enforce opinion of SCOTUS ( 1997 Clinton personally opened door of school for 8 of the 9 Little Rock Niners still alive ) 

After the Little Rock incident, Ike passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which established a Civil Rights commission to investigate abuses, and allocated $ for a voter registration drive among blacks. P.S. This was done in time for the midterm elections!

1960 Creative Tension (John Lewis: Good Trouble = getting arrested / beaten for a good cause ⇒ ppl putting their lives on the line; not just top-down ⇒ thousands lost their lives for this cause )

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized Sit-Ins at Woolworth's lunch counter, Greensboro, N.C.

This idea catches on, and soon there are swim-ins, pray-ins etc...

Also, the SNCC, or Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee is formed. It is noteworthy to remark that these different groups are supported by sympathetic whites ⇒ integrated mvt 

1961 CORE organized interstate "Freedom Rides" to challenge Jim Crow laws throughout the South. Integrated members rode buses from Washington to New Orleans and got National attention. bc nobody enforcing the scotus ruling ( no segregation in buses ). goal = get Southern states to enforce scotus decision for integrated buses

7962- University of Mississippi dèsegregated, James Meredith, JFK gives Federal support, 5,000 troops. had to sneak him in ⇒ symbolically = entering university in one of the most racist states 

Governor George Wallace blocks blacks from entering the U. of Alabama, JFK nationalizes his National Guard, and the Governor backs down.

King "Letter from a Birmingham Jail": individuals have the moral duty to disobey unjust laws.

May 1963 Birmingham Riots in Alabama "Bull" Connor-- police use electric cattle prods, fire hoses and dogs on demonstrators, all on National T.V.!!! gave momentum to mvt, now can march on washington

Leads to August 28 March on Washington For Jobs and Freedom. ⇒ non-violent mvt met w/ overwhelming violence = catches nation’s attention MLK makes his "I have a Dream" speech.

children’s crusade = children out of school to protest bc so many adults arrested 

Freedom Summer SNCC, 1964 Mississippi Burning ⇒ voter registration = grass roots activism 

Sept 15, 4 young black girls killed in church bombing in Alabama

24 Amendment passed prohibiting the Poll Tax ( pay to vote, keep them from voting ) 

1964 MLK get Nobel Peace Prize

1965: JOHNSON and THE SECOND RECONSTRUCTION: The Great Society 

Movement moves to U.S. Congress = 3rd stage = pres will pressure Congress into going along w/ this

As part of his Great Society, Johnson jumps on the Civil Rights issue:

• Economic Opportunity Act-gave $1 billion for War on Poverty ( help rebuild inner city =ghettos) created VISTA ( volunteer in service to america = train young ppl to help those in need w/in America ), Job Corps ( free education + vocational training to young ppl ) 

• Department of Housing and Urban Development created ( concentrate on public housing + urban renewal ) + first Secretary is a black named Robert Weaver--First black cabinet member in U.S. history!

Civil Rights Act of 1964 = life changing bc ended segregation = cannot discriminate based on race, religion, country of origin, and sex 

• prohibited discrimination in public places

• strengthened voting rights protection

• cut off federal $ to any State or Local programs that discriminate

• gave Attorney General the power to sue schools to get them to integrate

• Created a watch-dog commission to investigate labor practices.

Part of this is old hat, the big difference with this Act was that it allocated $ to enforce it.

In other words, it had teeth.

1965 Expanded Entitlements ( everybody deserves this ): Medicare and Medicaid ;Food Stamps 

Affirmative action = positive discrimination : Head Start ( poor kids go to preschool to not fall behind on w, middle class kids); Upward Bound ( requiring public unis to have reserved number of seats for the same percentage of minorities / poor in population ) 

Results: Cut the number of people living below the/poverty line in half (10M people raised above the line).

method = equal opportunity 

1965--Selma Alabama peaceful march ( met by violence ) for voting rights--only 3% of eligible black voters were registered. Voting Rights Act 1965 follows. ⇒ point of freedom summers 

***This would be the last major victory for the non-violent methods of MLK.

1967

U.S. Supreme Court recognizes inter-racial marriages in Loving v. the state of Virginia - Racial Integrity Act struck down.,

By mid1960's, the Civil Rights Movement took a radical turn. = going on for 10 yrs ⇒ hear about the change but don’t see change 

non-violent = losing methods 

1.)New generation of leaders, more radical, tired of "turn the other cheek" , want "an eye for an eye".

• e.g. CORE President resigns and is replaced by a radical Innes, who is separatist (segregation for black racial pride) in philosophy. ⇒ want segregation = need to take destiny into their own hands, not leave it up to the w

• SNCC renounces use of non-violent methods, new leader Carmichael is separatist, wants Black Power. Black Power was more a rallying cry than a philosophy but it did encourage Blacks to re-discover their African roots, and encouraged Afro-American studies

• Huey Newton formed the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in 1966 in California. == self-appointed bodyguard for marches 

• Nation of Islam and Malcolm X (shot in 1965)

2.) Urban Ghettos-- By the mid-60's, 70% of Blacks live in cities. Concentrated anger leads to riots in the hot simmers of 1967-68

3.)Watts Riots in L.A. in Aug. 65 34 dead-all blacks

4.) King was assassinated in April '68-- literally thousands of fires were set in cities across country

5.)Black protests mix with Vietnam protests: PROTEST became the American way of life after the stifling period of the 50's.

WOMEN’s rights : 

1st wave right before war = voting rights + prohibition 

After ww2 : 2nd wave of feminism began 60s 

men of color could vote before any other wmn, took them longer to exercise that right

idea moms should stay at home ; bad for married women to keep jobs after war                                         WWII is a watershed for women's rights : Rosie the Riveter symbolized women empowerment. After the war, women continued to enter the workforce in non-career type jobs like clerks and sales rather than professional jobs, but were encouraged to GO BACK HOME!!                                                                  In the 1960s, women got involved in the Civil Rights and anti-war movements, but never in leadership positions.

biggest method used = create self-awareness among wmn = if all in it together can achieve something = create movement. 

⇒ what wmn are continuing to fight against 

• gender discrimination = prejudice or discrimination based on gender, as well as conditions that foster stereotypes of gender roles 

• sexist attitudes are frequently based on beliefs in traditional stereotypes of gender roles, and thus is built into many societal institutions. wmn = trad wife VS men = breadwinners

•  

• Occupational sexism refers to discriminatory practices, statements, or actions based on a person’s gender which occur in a place of employment 

• Violence against women, including sexual assault, domestic violence, and sexual slavery, remains a serious problem around the world ( physical dominance ).        

wmn have made progress in several areas : 

1961 : Birth control pill gives women control of their bodies

 1963 : Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique which encouraged women to look outside the home for self-fulfillment.

1964 : Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of race or sex.

1972 : Equal Rights Amendment, died after 10 year limit

1973 : Roe v Wade : The U.S. Supreme Court upholds a woman's right to have an abortion under the privacy clause of the 14^th amendment.

1980s : Women flood into graduate schools, especially medical and law schools. In 1970, 5% of first year medical school students were female, by 1990, the number was 45% !

HOWEVER : There was a conservative backlash against women outside the home during the Reagan Presidency, and many women left big companies to form their own businesses because of the “glass ceiling” 

1981 : Sandra Day O’Connor is the first woman on the U.S. Supreme Court, serving until 2006. Jeane Kirkpatrick becomes the first female U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.

1983 : Astronaut Sally Ride is the first American woman in space, flying on the shuttle Challenger. She flies a second shuttle mission in 1984.

1984 : Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman nominated for vice president by a major party (Democrat)

2020 : Kamala Harris becomes the first female and person of color to be Vice-President of the U.S.

Events in LBGT Rights Movement

Problems: Christian values ( based upon Bible eg define marriage as btw men and wmn) reject same sex relations; medicine treats LGBT as illness                              

Goals: Right to exist, acceptance. Equal rights;participate in all levels of society.

1.) 1952: The American Psychiatric Association lists homosexuality as a mental illness ( mental institutions, shock therapy, lobotomy 

2.) 1953:Ike bars homosexuals from government work ⇒ because security risk = can blackmail ppl to get sensitive info 

3.) Stonewall riots, after a police raid at the Stonewall gay inn in Lower Manhattan NYC June 1969 credited to given birth to an open. sparks movement after days of rioting. 

4.) short term csq of stonewall : First Pride Parade in June 1970 to mark the anniversary of Stonewall. It is now a worldwide event. Participants dress the way they identify themselves rather than conservatively like pre-Stonewall protesters.

5.) 1973 American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses

6.) Renee Richards, transgender, wins legal case to compete as a female tennis professional player 

7.) Harvey Milk is elected city supervisor ion San Francisco, forst gay man to serve openly.

8.) 2009 Matthew Shepard Act- made hate crimes against LGBT a federal crime. ⇒ tortured to death because of who he was 

9.) 2015 The SCOTUS ruled that same-sex marriages were legal in all 50 states, protected by the 14th amendment "equal protection" clause.