Fall Final Exam Review:

I did my work- Ariana + Mihika + Sarah + Samantana + Simone + Sadie McAllister Allport

Label the border states, color the south

1.       Ten reasons for the civil war (slavery-economy……)

YALL I COPIED THESE STRAIGHT FROM THE SLIDESHOW IDK WHY SO MANY WERENT THERE :(     #notariana’sfault

1. Columbian Exchange-led to the plantation system

2. Triangular Trade: slave trade

3. Constitution

4. KY and VA Resolutions

5. Industrialization

6. Tariffs (1828 and 1837)

7. Railroad, Erie Canal, Roads

8. Abolitionism

9. Britain abolished slavery

10. Two party system

11. States Rights

12. Lincoln’s Election

13. Compromise of 1850 & Missouri Compromise 

14. Secession

15. Kansas Nebraska Act/ Bleeding Kansas

16. Nullification

2.       Slavery: what is it like on a plantation? Slaves worked from sunup to sundown 6 days a week with unsustainable food and lived in small shacks with no furniture and dirt floor. Life on large plantations with a cruel overseer was often worse. Overseers were paid to get the most work out of the slaves and resorted to any means. There were also drivers, who were slaves themselves that got better privileges for managing the others. Drivers were usually hated by the rest of the slaves, often leading to violence. 

3.       Black codes- racially discriminatory laws that were passed in 1865 and 1866 in states that had been part of the Confederate States of America and that were enacted to maintain white supremacy. Made to enforce racial segregation and curtail the power of Black voters.

4.       Temperance movement- a movement to limit drinking in the United States because they thought that drinking caused domestic violence. 

5.       Carrie Nation- a radical member of the temperance movement, which opposed alcohol. Went to bars with a hatchet and destroyed them. Made a STATEMENT. Sold her merch for bail money. Wanted to stop domestic violence 

6.       Dorothea Dix- A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820s, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. She served as the Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War, and alongside Clara Barton. 

7.       Seneca Falls Convention (Who was involved)- Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments (about the rights of women), which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.  Involved- Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton,

8.       Cult of Domesticity- Outlined women’s societal role; a proper woman must be polite and listen to her husband. She must take care of the home and her children (the domestic sphere). Women stay in the kitchen. Followed mainly by the middle and upper class bc the lower-class women were working like the pigs they were. Women should be pure and pious.

9.       Factories (What were they like-Who built the first one)- Samuel Slater built the first US factory. They made textiles and put out home businesses. Steam engines created more factories, and Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts contributed. Factories created corporate enterprises and early stock exchanges. People got paid no money for long hours of work. Often, the working conditions were deadly. 

10.   Lowell Mills- combined factory and town; originally women worked there -> pushed out by immigrant workers.

11.   Erie Canal- Revolutionized transportation and industry by allowing goods to be transported to many areas. Between Albany and Buffalo, and opens up fast transportation between NY and the West. Allowed products to be cheaper. 

12.   Immigration (before the Civil war-who came? How were they treated?)- Before the Civil War, immigrants came due to the prosperity from the gold rush (Chinese, Europeans etc.), they were treated harshly and seen as less than white people

13.   Underground Railroad: series of people/places who helped slaves escape to the north/Canada and be free, go from the slave south the free north, (conductor = ppl who moved slaves, station = places where slaves could stay, station master = ppl who donated to the Underground Railroad)

14.   Harriet Tubman: Former slave who became a conductor in the Underground Railroad, was already free but came back for others. Spy during the Civil War. #moses (←her nickname)

15.   Frederick Douglass- black abolitionist, who escaped to freedom in the north, fought for equal rights, “father of abolitionist movement,” published “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave”

16.   William L. Garrison- American Anti-Slavery Society, called for the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation for slave owners

17.   Henry Box Brown- A slave who shipped himself in a box to the North to gain his freedom, it showed slaves' desperation. He later went on to tour and discuss his experience; he settled in Toronto with his wife. 

18.   Uncle Tom’s Cabin: A book by Harriet Beecher Stowe that shared ideas about the injustices of slavery. The book became a big part of the anti-slavery movement and sparked intense feelings about it, leading to civil war, shows what slavery was like

19.   Free-Soil Movement: anti-slavery party that endorsed Wilmot Proviso’s declaration that slavery would not be allowed in any territories acquired from Mexico.

20.   Brooks-Sumner fight- Sumner’s speech “The Crime Against Kansas” insulted slave owners and the South. This angered South Carolinian Preston Brooks, so Brooks beat Sumner with his cane.

21.   John Brown (include Harper’s Ferry)- The white guy that wanted the immediate abolition of slavery. He tried raiding the arsenal at Harpers Ferry to give weapons to slaves in the hope of a revolt. He didn’t have enough support and was captured. He was convicted of treason and executed, but he was a martyr for the war. 

22.   Manifest Destiny- mindset that America had a “divine obligation” to expand and bless the world with their greatness, religious fervor/economic motives/American God complex

23.   Bleeding Kansas: fighting between pro-slavery ppl and abolitionists over whether Kansas would be a free or slave state

24.   Nat Turner: led a slave rebellion in Hampton, VA, grew his slave army and went from plantation to plantation killing white ppl 

25.   Crittenden Compromise: Unsuccessful proposal that wanted to permanently enshrine slavery in the constitution. The plan was supposed to calm the tension between the North and South.

26.   Missouri Compromise: legislature was balanced (11 free states, 11 slave states) but Missouri wanted to join too, so to keep it balanced Missouri was made a slave state and Maine a free state, the compromise also said land from the Louisiana Purchase couldn’t be made into slave states

27.   Compromise of 1850: Cali enters the Union as a free state, public sale of slaves abolished in DC (but not slavery itself), Fugitive Slave Act amended (matter of runaway slaves is now under federal jurisdiction → went against favor of slave catchers), Texas boundaries set, Utah territory set

28.   Fugitive slave act: slave catchers could kidnap free black people in northern states, fugitives weren’t given a jury trial, citizens could be required to locate/capture runaways, violators can be imprisoned for 6 months and fined $10k

29.   Dredd Scott case: Scott files a suit bc he should be considered free since he was living on free land, the jury agreed w him but the state supreme court ruled against so his case went to the supreme court, the s court rules against him and said Scott lacked legal standing as a citizen + slaves are property

30.   Henry Clay (Compromiser)- Compromise of 1850, senator and representative, “Great Compromiser”, the enemy of Andrew Jackson

31.   John C. Calhoun- Pro-slavery (it’s a positive good), nullification, states’ rights- Believed that states could nullify from the Union, if their rights were being violated (Seen in his action in South Carolina) 

A.      Nullification crisis- Nullification: any state could nullify federal laws. Caused by the Tariff of 1828, Calhoun wanted to nullify the tariff (in SC), but this caused President Jackson to create a Force Bill (he could stop Calhoun by using troops)

B.      Pro-slavery- leader in south Carolina, which was first state to secede because they were southern and pro-slavery

32.   Abraham Lincoln

A.      Opinion on slavery - He was opposed to slavery, however was hesitant on banning it due to the reaction of southern and border states where slavery was legal.

B.      What he did during the war - made the emancipation proclamation, helped turn the war into a moral one, gave executive decisions when it came to directing armies and making strategic moves

C.       Emancipation Proclamation - Proclamation issued by Lincoln freeing all slaves in the rebelling slaves. Made the focus of war on slavery and stopped foreign countries from aiding the south.

D.      Gettysburg address - dedicated a national cemetery, he connected the Declaration of Independence to human equality and rights, making a moral statement for the war

a.   Jefferson Davis- The first and only elected president of the Confederates. Lives in the Confederate white house in Richmond, VA. Does not want to surrender to the Union. 

34.   Weapons used (guns, cannons…..): Artillery w “rifled”/grooved barrels for better accuracy, repeating rifles, ironclad ships, observation balloons, wire entanglements, revolvers, long barrel cannons

35.   Spies (see notes and activity we did)- Spies passed on information regarding enemy armies so their side can gain an advantage. Both the Union and Confederacy had them, and they hid messages in random things like bread to decrease suspicions. If they were captured, they faced jail time and sometimes death. 

36.   Building of railroads (two companies): Built by the Irish and Black ppl and Immigrants. Opens up fast travel, trade, and communication. Makes products cheaper. Benefitted the North, especially in the Civil war bc they could transport soldiers, and materials, and communicate faster than the South. 

37.   Antietam- Union and Confederate soldiers fought during the Battle of Antietam, it was known as the bloodiest day. General Lee wanted to initiate battles in the North to take supplies and gain foreign recognition. Confederates were outnumbered and ended up losing badly. After the battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

38.   Lincoln-Douglass debate (Freeport doctrine)- Lincoln and Douglas were running against each other for a seat in the senate and had a series of debates during their candidacy. The Freeport Doctrine was Douglas’s answer to how he could reconcile his concept of popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott ruling. It stated that whatever the Supreme Court might say about slavery, it could not exist anywhere unless supported by local police regulations. Douglass won the election, but it set Lincoln up to win the presidential election.

39.   Robert E. Lee- Main general of the Confederates, was targeted by Lincoln and followed by Grant, participated in many major battles such as Vicksburg, Battle of the Woodlands, Antietam etc. and was the one to surrender to Grant 

40.   Ulysses S. Grant - Ulysses Grant (1822-1885) commanded the victorious Union army during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and served as the 18th U.S. president from 1869 to 1877. An Ohio native, Grant graduated from West Point and fought in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). During the Civil War, Grant, an aggressive and determined leader, was given command of all the U.S. armies. 

41.   Fort Sumter- The first skirmish that began the civil war, Union held fort Sumter, Confederates ordered them to surrender the fort. Union forces didn’t, so Confederates cut their supplies and invaded (however there were no casualties)

42.   Secession- the withdrawal of 11 slave states (states in which slaveholding was legal) from the Union during 1860–61 following the election of Abraham Lincoln as president. Secession precipitated the American Civil War.

43.   Confederate economy- The Confederates did not have a common currency. They lacked money, so they began printing more money. Their mistakes led to very high inflation that effected the common people (women & their families) in the South.

44.   First Battle of Bull Run- first battle of civil war, made both sides realize the war would not be over fast; bull run picnic (people come to watch); disorganized soldiers; Confederates win -> more union men volunteer

45.   Anaconda Plan: 3-pronged plan by the Union to “squeeze” the south, 1) take/block southern ports, 2) take Richmond (aka confederate capital), 3) control the Mississippi

46.   Battle of Gettysburg- Confederacy accidentally encounters Union; fight for 4 days;  Day 1:  Confederates forced federalists to move into a stronger high ground position/Day 2: Confederates lose because they advanced uphill towards Union guns/Day 3: Went uphill into more numbers and more guns (all Confederates killed)/On July 4 Retreated and confederate commander in Vicksburg surrenders

47.   Fall of Vicksburg (Where, who, what happened-turning point)- The Battle of Vicksburg was about the Union gaining control of the town to control the Mississippi. Gaining control would split the Confederacy into two parts. The Union forces sieged the Confederate army in the town of Vicksburg Mississippi for forty-seven days. This was part of the Anaconda Plan to divide the South.  Confederates forced to surrender due to starvation

48.   Peninsula Campaign (Hampton to Richmond)- northern goal of taking southern ports; McClellan attempts to take Confederate capital (Richmond) by marching up VA Peninsula; massive union failure

49.   Andersonville Prison- The prison was located in Andersonville, Georgia. It held Union troops under Confederate arrest. The prison was similar to a cage; it provided no covering from the weather. Thousands died from the terrible conditions – often starvation or disease.

50.   European support (Britain)- The South tried to gain support from foreign countries (Britain and France) because these countries relied on their agricultural resources–similar to blackmailing. The foreign countries resisted the South’s efforts and did not get involved. 

51.   Use of the camera in the war- The invention of the camera allowed citizens to go after battles and take photographs of the aftermath. It allowed people to see what war was like and the conditions of war (death and destruction). 

52.   Sherman’s march to the sea- Sherman, after destroying the city of Atlanta, his plan was to “march to the sea” through the rest of Georgia destroying everything in his path. “War is Hell” → destroy everything, bring war to the people, break their spirit

53.   Iron Clad- Ships in the Civil war were iron clad (covered with iron) Monitor (union) v. Merrimack (confederate)

54.   Telegram- Invented by Samuel Morse (Morse Code). It was used for communication, allowing the president to direct the army in real time. 

55.   Women during the war: 

A.      What did they do?  Hundreds of women disguised themselves as men and fought in the war; dozens served as spies; others traveled with the armies, cooking meals, writing letters, and assisting with amputations. Worked as nurse and aids for injured during the wars.

B.      Where did they work? Women worked in factories, sewed uniforms, composed patriotic poems and songs, and raised money and supplies.

56.   African American soldiers- black ppl thought this was an opportunity to be treated like a regular person. they learned a lot of skills and it was like a brotherhood. They were paid less than white ppl and had more dangerous jobs. They rarely gained the opportunity to move up in the ranks.

57.   Civil war medicine- There were severe sterilization problems that resulted in disease and infection being common. The large number of amputations was combated with the use of prosthetics. Morphine and Opium were also available. 

58.   Clara Barton- Founder of the American Red Cross, known as the “Angel of the Battlefield” excellent nurse to wounded soldiers. Triage and sanitation of medical tools

59.   Richmond bread riots- The price of food in the south increased dramatically during the war, caused by high inflation. A barrel of flour went for over $400, resulting in the riots, which were mostly by women.

60.   Surrender (where did this take place were the terms)- Robert E. Lee surrenders at the Appomattox Courthouse (Mclean House) to Grant. Grant allowed the Confederate soldiers to keep their horses, 3 days of rations, and their side-arms. The surrender was peaceful because Lee told his soldiers to go home and stop the fighting.