SASI

Quiz No. 1: Thrust Management Systems 

November 05, 2024

It Is The Amount Of Useful Thrust Required Developed By An Engine, Which Is An Indication Of The Thrust Output From The Engine. It Is Usually A (%) In Value.

1. EPR/N1

2. N2

3. Egt

4. Mct

How Long Is The Published Allowable Limitation Of TOGA To Be Applied During Flight? 

1. 5 Mins 

2. 10 Mins. 

3. 15 Mins. 

4. 30 Mins.  

FADEC Stands For Full Authority Digital Engine Control

It Is A Computer Controlled Electromechanical System That Controls Engine Thrust And Throttle Position For Each Engine To Maintain A Specific Engine Thrust. 

1. ECAM

2. Auto Thrust 

3. Auto Throttle 

4. APU

In What Segment Of Flight Does Thrust MCT Needs To Be Applied? 

1. 1st 

2. 2nd 

3. 3rd 

4. Fourth

Enumerate the 10 Functions Of FADEC

1. Control Gas Generator

2. Protection Against Engine Exceeding Limits

3. Power Management

4. Automatic Engine Starting Sequence 

5. Manual Engine Starting Sequence

6. Thrust Reverser Control

7. Fuel Recirculation Control

8. Transmission Of Engine Parameters And Engine Monitoring Information To Cockpit Indicators

9. Detection, Isolation And Recording Of Failures 

10. Fadec Cooling

FADEC s Self-Powered At?

1. 10%

2. 15% 

3. 20%

4. 25%

What Is The Meaning Of ECAM? Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor

Where Is The ECAM Panel Located?

1. In Front Of Thrust Levers 

2. Flight Attendant Panel

3. Besides The Pfd

It Must Be Monitored In Order To Prevent Excessive Heat From Damaging The Turbine.

1. APU

2. Yellow Hydraulic System 

3. EGT

4. LGCIU

Which Tank Directly Supplies An Engine ?

1. Inner Tank

2. Outer Tank 

3. Center Tank

4. Vent Surge Tank

Enumerate (3) Three Parameters Being Displayed In The Upper ECAM?

1. N1 (Low Speed Rotor)

2. N2 (High Speed Rotor)

3. Fuel Flow (FF)

4. Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)

What Are The (2) Two Important Sensors In The Low Speed Rotor (N1) And High Speed Rotor (N2) That Are Responsible For The Air Data Being Received By The FADEC to Be Displayed In The Ecam for Proper Engine Monitoring?

1. N1 Speed Sensor

2. N2 Speed Sensor

Quiz No. 2: Flight Control Systems 

November 19, 2024

It Is Responsible For Controlling Inputs To The Rudder, Rudder Tem, Yaw Damper And For Generating Low Energy And Wind Shear Warning.

1. FAC 

2. FCDC  

3. ELAC 

4. VLS 

WHAT DOES FCDC DO? 

• Flight Control Data Concentrator (FCDC) acquire data from the 2 ELACS and 3 SECs and sent it to the Electric Instrument System (EIS) and the Centralized Fault Display System (CFDS)

TRUE or FALSE: If Both FAC, Are Operating Correctly, FAC 2 Supplies The Yaw Dumper, Turn Coordination, Information While FAC 1 Remains In Standby As Back Up.

Enumerate Advantages and Disadvantages Of Fly By Wire System 

What Is The Primary Sensor That Leads To The Activation Of MCAS? 

1.  Speed Sensor 

2. AOA Sensor 

3. ACE Sensor 

4. FLSU 

An Aircraft Is Said To Be Maintaining 2500 Ft During A Left Turn As Ordered By The Atc To Head At 180 Degrees. Which Primary Flight Control System(S) Have Been Utilized? 

1. Ailerons And Elevator 

2. Elevator And Trim Tabs 

3. Ailerons, Elevator And Rudder 

4. Left Rudder Only

In An Aircraft The Flight Has Been Ordered To Climb And Make An Immediate Right Turn To Avoid The Inbound Traffic. The Crew Then Set A 4o Degree Bak And Let Go Of The Stick. What Will Happen To The Turn?

1. The angle of the bank will reduce to 53 degree

2. It will maintain 40 degree bank

3. The aircraft will go back to the straight and level flight

4. The bank will continue to 67 degree

Enumerate the 7 Flight Control Computers in A320

1. ELEVATOR AILERON COMPUTER (ELAC 1)

2. ELAC 2

3. SPOILER ELEVATOR COMPUTER (SEC 1)

4. SEC 2

5. SEC3

6. FLIGHT AUGMENTATION COMPUTER (FAC 1)

7. FAC2 

TRUE or FALSE: The Fly By Wire System’s Flight Control  Surfaces are electrically controlled and hydraulically activated.

They are the standby elevator and stabilizer controller

1. SEC

2. LGCIU

3. FGCU

4. CADENSICON

They are attached to the trailing edge of a larger control surface ,such as the rudder or elevator and can be adjusted to change the neutral position of the larger surface.

1. Cowling

2. Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizer

3. Flaps

4. Trim Tab

TRUE or FALSE: Mechanical Linkage is available for pitch and yaw axis of an A320.

Enumerate at least 4 Four Normal Law Protections

1. Bank Angle Protection

2. Pitch and Load Factor Protection

3. High Speed Protection

4. High Angle of Attack Protection

An A320 under Normal Law: What is the initial action that the aircraft will do if it is about to overspeed.

1. Overspeed Warning

2. AutoThrust Reduction

3. Automatic Nose Up Command

Enumerate and define the High Angle of Attack Protection Speeds?

• V* Prot :Angle of Attack Protection Speed

• V* MAX: Maximum Angle of Attack Speed

• VLS: Lowest Selectable Speed

It is an automated Flight Control System used in Aircraft to minimize or limit unwanted yaw oscillation, commonly known as Dutch Roll.

1. Adverse Yaw

2. Yaw Damper

3. Aileron Droop

4. None of the Above 

Navigation System

Aircraft navigation is the process of steering an aircraft from one location to another while monitoring the aircraft's position and following a predetermined route. It involves planning, recording, and controlling the aircraft's movement. 

Here are some aspects of aircraft navigation:

Planning

This includes plotting a course on an aeronautical chart, selecting checkpoints, measuring distances, and obtaining weather information. 

Navigation systems

These are electronic systems that provide pilots with flight information, such as the aircraft's position, speed, altitude, and coordinates. They also help pilots detect potential flight hazards, such as other aircraft, airports, bad weather, and mountains. 

Navigation methods

Some methods of aircraft navigation include:

Pilotage: Navigating using visible landmarks 

Dead reckoning: Computing direction and distance from a known position 

Radio navigation: Using radio aids

Visual Flight Rules (VFR) have several limitations, including:

Altitude

VFR flights cannot be flown below 1,500 meters (500 feet) above the ground or water, except for takeoff and landing. In congested areas, VFR flights cannot be flown below 300 meters (1,000 feet) above the highest obstacle within 600 meters of the aircraft. 

Visibility

VFR pilots must maintain a minimum horizontal flight visibility of 3 miles during the day and 5 miles at night. 

Cloud clearance

VFR pilots must remain clear of clouds, with no cloud within 1,500 meters horizontally or 1,000 feet vertically from the aircraft. 

Speed

VFR pilots cannot operate an aircraft at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 knots (230 mph) beneath Class B airspace or in a VFR corridor through Class B. 

Fuel

VFR pilots must have enough fuel to fly to their first intended landing point and then fly for at least 20 minutes after that.

VFR Cruising altitudes

Odd thousand’s + 500 = 0 deg to 179 deg

Even thousand’s + 500 = 180 deg to 359 deg

An emergency locator transmitter (ELT) is a safety device installed on aircraft to help locate and rescue the plane in case of an emergency. ELTs transmit distress signals on specific frequencies. Pilots can monitor 121.5 MHz and/or 243.0 MHz in flight to help identify possible emergency ELT transmissions.

ELT 4000HM

A dual frequency distress beacon with a digital 406 MHz and analog 121.5 MHz homing signal. It has a dual-band antenna and is compatible with legacy antennas. 

ELT 3000

Has an internal G-switch for auto activation and a tri-band antenna. It can connect to onboard GPS via an Integrated ARINC429 or RS232 interface. 

ARTEX ELT 3000HM

Automatically transmits latitude/longitude every 50 seconds for 24 hours on the 406 MHz distress frequency. 

ARTEX ELT 345

Transmits on 406 MHz and 121.5 MHz frequencies and has a built-in GPS navigational interface.

IFR stands for Instrument Flight Rules, which are a set of regulations that govern how aircraft are operated when visual reference is not safe. IFR is one of two sets of regulations that govern civil aviation aircraft operations, the other being visual flight rules (VFR). 

IFR is essential for commercial aviation and allows for safe and efficient flight in all weather conditions. IFR flight involves:

Flying by instruments: Pilots rely on instruments in the flight deck instead of visual references

Using electronic signals: Pilots use electronic signals for navigation 

IFR requirements include:

Pilot training: Pilots must undergo specialized training and testing to fly IFR

Aircraft equipment: Aircraft must meet specific criteria, including having radios, navigation systems, and instruments

Aircraft maintenance: Aircraft must be maintained to strict guidelines 

IFR is used when the ceiling is less than 1,000 feet AGL or the visibility is less than 3 statute miles (SM).

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range

A short-range radio navigation system used by pilots to navigate aircraft. VOR beacons emit radio waves that aircraft receive, and the signals can reach up to 200 miles. VORs are often used as waypoints on Airway systems, or as the basis for a Non-Precision Approach.

VOR service volume - is a three-dimensional area where aircraft can reliably pick up the NAVAID’s signal, free from interference.

TERMINAL - smallest service volume. 1,000 ft - 12,000 ftUp to 25nm navigational services from the transmitter.

LOW - Low VORs provide reliable navigation services for areas of 40 NM from the transmitter. The service area begins at 1,000 ft and continues to a maximum altitude of 18,000 ft above the station.

High VORs provide the most range of all the legacy VORs. This service volume changes with altitude, making it look like an upside-down wedding cake.

The first layer resembles a Low VOR, with 40 NM coverage from 1,000 ft to 14,500 ft. From 14,500 to 18,000 ft, the range extends to 100 NM. The largest layer begins at 18,000 ft and continues to 45,000 ft, providing reliable navigation to 130 NM. The final layer is from 45,000 ft to 60,000 ft and shrinks in distance, providing navigation to 100 NM.

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) is defined as a navigation beacon, usually coupled with a VOR beacon, to enable aircraft to measure their position relative to that beacon. Aircraft send out a signal which is sent back after a fixed delay by the DME ground equipment.

A non-precision approach is an instrument approach and landing which utilizes lateral guidance but does not utilize vertical guidance.

Precision approach - an instrument approach and landing that lateral and vertical guidance.

ILS is a radio navigation system that provides precision guidance to aircraft approaching a runway in bad weather or at night.

Localizer - A directional antenna that transmits a signal along the runway's centerline to help pilots maintain the correct approach path.

Glideslope

An antenna that transmits a signal at a specific angle to help pilots maintain the correct descent angle. 

ILS is a radio navigation system that provides precision guidance to aircraft approaching a runway in bad weather or at night.

Dead Reckoning

Dead reckoning navigation (DR) is a navigation technique that uses a known position to estimate a current position. It's a relatively simple and efficient way to estimate a target's position in real time. However, DR can accumulate errors over time, so correction methods are often needed.

NAV SPECIFICS

Divided into 3

ADIRS & standby instruments - Air Data Inertial Reference Unit, GPS & stand-by instruments

radio navigation - Radio Navaids, Radio altimeter and DDRMI

additional nav systems - GPWS, EGPWS, ATC transponders and weather radar

The Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) is thus designed to prevent this sort of accident, by giving the flight deck crew some advanced warning, both aurally and visually, if an unsafe flight condition close to the ground exists.

ADIRS

ADIRU 1 ADIRU 3 ADIRU 2

Purpose is to provide air data and inertial information to the EFIS system, the FMGC and other users.

Each ADIRU combines an air data reference computer, or ADR and a laser gyro inertial reference or IR.

 They operate independently. Failure of one system will not cause failure to the other.

What is FMGC? Is a unit/computer in the FMGS. The FMGS is a system that helps reduce the workload in the cockpit, improve efficiency, and eliminate many routine tasks for the flight crew. It includes the following units: Two FMGCs, Two Multipurpose Control and Display Units (MCDUs), One Flight Control Unit (FCU), and Two Flight Augmentation Computers (FACs). 

The FMGCs perform the Flight Management (FM) and Flight Guidance (FG) functions. Pilots use the MCDUs and FCU to control these functions:

MCDUs

The long-term interface between the crew and the FMGCs. Pilots use the MCDUs to select the flight plan, display and modify flight plans, and select specific functions.

FCU

The short-term interface between the crew and the FMGCs. Pilots use the FCU to engage the AP, select guidance modes, and select flight parameters.

ADR receives information from aircraft probes and sensors. (Static port, AoA, Pitot tube, TAT sensor)

ADR part provides various air data to the FMGC. Air data provided includes: 

Mach, 

Airspeed, 

Temperature, 

overspeed warnings, 

barometric altitude and 

AoA.

The IR part provides inertial data to the FMGC, EFIS and other users. The inertial data provided include: Track heading, acceleration, FPV, airplane position, ground speed and attitude. ADIRS are controlled in the overhead control panel. Initialization is done in the MCDU.

ADIRU 1 supplies the Captains PFD & ND. ADIRU 3 supplies FO’s PFD & ND. ADIRU 3 is on standby/back up.

ON BAT illuminates to inform the crew that the ADIRU system is being powered by the aircraft battery only. Also, illuminates for a few seconds at the beginning of a full alignment as a test of the battery circuit.

NAV- Normal

ATT - only heading and attitude info in case of loss of navigation capability.

IR - align lights appears white if: 

There is an IRU alignment fault, 

No present position entry has been made after 10 mins, 

Difference between the pos and shutdown and the entered position exceeds 1 degree of latitude or longitude

Aircraft is moved during alignment.

Space navigation is the science of guiding spacecraft through space, and it uses a variety of techniques, including:

Radio communications: Precise radio signals are used to guide spacecraft to their destinations. 

Precise timing: Spacecraft travel vast distances, so precise timing is essential. 

Star sightings: Astronauts have used sextants and telescopes to record celestial inputs for navigation. 

Pulsar navigation: This method compares X-ray bursts from known pulsars to determine a spacecraft's position. 

GNSS: Spacecraft in low-Earth orbit can use GPS to determine their position and time. Beyond this altitude, signals from multiple GNSS constellations are needed. GNSS is a combination of augmentation and GPS.

Space navigation involves three main aspects:

Mission design: Designing the spacecraft's planned flight path

Orbit determination: Keeping track of the spacecraft's actual position during flight

Flight path control: Creating maneuvers to return the spacecraft to its planned trajectory