Untitled Flashcards Set

How We Act in Groups:

Obedience: Following orders from authority.

Conformity: Changing to fit in with a group.

Social Facilitation: Performing better when others are watching.

Social Loafing: Putting in less effort in a group.

Groupthink: Making bad decisions to avoid conflict in a group.

Deindividuation: Losing your sense of self in a group.

Bystander Effect: Not helping someone in need when others are around.

Altruism: Helping others without expecting anything in return.

How We Think About Others:

Prejudice: Negative attitude toward a group.

Discrimination: Treating someone unfairly due to their group.

Stereotype Threat: Worrying about confirming a negative stereotype.

In-Group Bias: Favoring your own group.

Out-Group Homogeneity Bias: Thinking everyone in another group is different the same.

Situational Attribution: Explaining behavior based on the situation.

Fundamental Attribution Error: Explaining behavior based on personality. (-Observing a server being rude might lead to assuming they have a bad attitude (dispositional) rather than considering they might be under stress from a busy shift (situation)

Actor-Observer Bias: Explaining your own behavior differently than others'. (Ex: If a person cuts someone off in traffic, they might justify it because they have an appointment (situation) but if someone else cuts them off, they might think its reckless (dispositional))

Self-Serving Bias: Taking credit for success, blaming others for failure.

Reciprocity Norm: Expecting people to help those who helped them.

Halo Effect: Assuming someone is good at everything if they're good at one thing.

False Consensus Effect: Thinking everyone agrees with you.

How We Are Persuaded:

Central Route of Persuasion: Persuaded by the message's content.

Peripheral Route of Persuasion: Persuaded by things other than the message (like the speaker).

Door-in-the-Face Technique: Asking for a big favor then a smaller one.

Foot-in-the-Door Technique: ``Asking for a small favor then a bigger one.

Mere Exposure Effect: Liking something more the more you see it.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Your expectations cause someone to fulfill them.

How We Think About Ourselves:

Internal Locus of Control: Believing you control your life.

External Locus of Control: Believing outside forces control your life.

Individualistic Cultures: Emphasizing individual achievement.

Collectivist Cultures: Emphasizing group harmony.

Cognitive Dissonance: Discomfort when beliefs and actions don't match.

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Confirmation Bias: Looking for information that confirms your beliefs.

Social Trap: Conflicting parties pursuing self-interest leading to destructive behavior.

Perspectives in Psychology:

Psychodynamic Perspective: Focus on unconscious drives.

Humanistic Perspective: Focus on personal growth.

Social-Cognitive Perspective: Focus on how thoughts, behaviors, and environment interact.

Projection: Imagine you're feeling a little bit angry, but you don't want to admit it. Instead, you start thinking everyone else is angry. That's projection – you're putting your own feelings onto other people.

Displacement: Let's say you get mad at your sibling, but you can't yell at them. Instead, you go to your room and kick your pillow. That's displacement – you're moving your anger from one target to another.

Rationalization: If you don't study for a test and then do poorly, you might say, "The test was unfair anyway." That's rationalization – you're making up excuses to explain your actions.

Repression: Sometimes, really bad things happen, and your mind might try to forget them to protect you. That's repression – pushing painful memories out of your conscious awareness.

Big 5 Personality Traits: These are five main ways to describe how you usually act:

Openness: How much you like new ideas and experiences.

Conscientiousness: How organized and responsible you are.

Extraversion: How much you enjoy being around others.

Agreeableness: How kind and helpful you are.

Neuroticism: How often you feel worried or upset.

Factor Analysis: It's a way scientists use math to find groups of things that are related, like how certain personality traits go together.

Personality Tests: These are like questionnaires that help you understand your personality better.

Projective Test: A type of personality test where you look at something unclear, like a picture, and say what you see. It's thought to show your hidden thoughts.

Arousal Theory: This idea says that we're motivated to find the right level of excitement. Not too bored, not too stressed.

Drive Reduction Theory: This is the idea that we do things to satisfy our needs, like eating when we're hungry.

Drives: These are like internal pushes that make us want things, like hunger or thirst.

Self-Determination Theory: This theory says we're motivated when we feel like we have a choice, we're good at something, and we feel connected to others.

Incentive Theory: This idea says we do things because we want rewards.

Homeostasis: This is your body's way of keeping everything balanced, like your temperature.

Instincts: These are things you do automatically, without thinking, like a baby crying when it's hungry.

Extrinsic Motivation: Doing something because you get a reward from someone else.

Intrinsic Motivation: Doing something because you enjoy it.

Yerkes-Dodson Law: This says that performance is best when you're moderately aroused.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: When you have to choose something that has both good and bad things.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: When you have to choose between two things you don't like.

Universal Emotions: These are emotions that everyone experiences, like happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust.

Cultural Differences with Emotional Expressions: How people show their emotions can be different in different cultures.

Display Rules: These are rules about when and how it's okay to show your emotions.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis: This is the idea that making facial expressions can actually make you feel those emotions.

Downward Comparison: Feeling better about yourself by comparing yourself to people who seem to have it worse.