Lab Final study guide

ch.6 Fungi

• Anatomical structure of fungi:

  • Hyphae - numerous small filaments 

    - fruiting body

Fungi clades:

Chytridiomycota:

• Ancient fungi 

• Unicellular

• Aquatic decomposers

• Parasites living on water molds, insects, or snakes 

Zygomycota:

• Bread molds

• Ex: Pilobolus spp., the “hat-throwing” fungus

Glomeromycota:

• Mutualists that form a symbiotic relationships with the roots of plants

• Mycorrhizae 

Ascomycota:

• Largest phylum of fungus

• Examples: Truffles, Morels, Yeast,

• Penicillium First “wonder drug,”

  • Used for soldiers in World War II to fight off throat infections, meningitis, syphilis and other bacterial infections. Very important fungus in medicine

Basiodiomycota:

• Mushrooms

• Shelf fungi 

• Puffballs

Microsporidia:

• Once classified as protists

• Obligatory intracellular parasites

• Dangerous to humans with compromised immune systems

Cordyceps

In terms of anatomy, need to know cap, gills, stipe, stalk, and mycelial threads

ch.7 Intro to Animal Body Plans

• Monoblastic → no symmetry

• Diploblastic → radial symmetry

• Triplobalstic → bilateral symmetry

  

The blastopore:

• Protostomes; blastopore develops into the mouth first

• Deuterostomes; blastopore develops into the anus first

Early clades of animals

Poriferans: "Pore-bearer" Sponges

• Evolved from choanoflagellates

• No tissues or organs

• Mostly marine sessile creatures

• Reproduce asexually by budding

• Reproduce sexually by being monoecious → containing both male and female reproductive organs

• Respiration and excretion occur
  through diffusion

Cnidarians: “stinging jellies”

• Stinging cell: cnidoblast

• Stinging organelle: nematocyst

  • Budding

  • Dioecious → two organisms contain separate male and female gametes.

  • Radial symmetry (Diploblastic) + incomplete GI tract

  • Dimorphism (two morphological forms): medusa
    (jellyfish) vs polyp (coral)

  • Life cycle Refer to pg. 83 of lab manual:

    

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

• Free-living or parasitic flatworms

• Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, acoelomate

• Anterior and posterior ends

• Only one opening (mouth)

• No respiratory or circulatory systems → perform gas exchange through diffusion

• Cephalization → formation of the head

• Classes:

  • Turbellaria

  • Cestoda

  • Trematoda or Planaria

Annelida

• Bilateral symmetry, coelomates

• Exhibit metamerism: segmented (tapeworms are not
  segmented!!)

• Monoecious or dioecious

• Clitellum holds the eggs

Chapter 8: Invertebrate Animals part 2

Subphylums of Invertebra:

Mollusca:

• 85000+ species

• Key morphological features:

  • Visceral mass → containing most internal organs

  • Muscular Foot

  • Mantle → Thin layer of tissue that covers visceral mass and secretes calcium carbonate shell

  • Mantle cavity

  • Radula → rasping radula in all classes except bivalia

  • Possess an open circulatory system (hemocoel) in all classes except Cephalopoda (has a closed system)

  • Coelom restricted to the heart, reproductive and excretion organs.

• Subphylum of Mollusca:

  • Polyplacophora: Chitons

  • Cephalopoda: Octopus, cuttlefish, squid, nautilus

  • Bivalvia: • Bivalves

  • Gastropoda: Snails and slugs

Arthropoda:

• 1000000+ species, most diverse animal phylum

• Key morphological features:

  • Articulated exoskeleton formed from a hardened cuticle

  • Jointed paired appendages

  • Individual cross-striated muscles

  • Head of 5 segments, segments fused to form tagmata

Crustacea:

• Only biramous arthropods other than trilobites

• Two pairs of antennae sense taste and touch

• Third appendages are mandibles for chewing

• Two pairs of maxillae (4th and 5th appendages) posterior to mandibles, manipulate and hold food

• Four or five pairs of walking legs

Insects:

• Hex-a-Pod = 6 Legs!

• Uniramous legs

• Three tagmata:

  • Head

  • Thorax

  • Abdomen

• Spiracles and trachea for gas exchange

• Malphigian tubules for excretion

• Increased sensory abilities

• Complete metamorphosis (separation of immature and adult ecological niches)

• Wings

Horseshoe crab:

• Subphylum Chelicerata.

• Predate the dinosaurs

• Related to spiders/ticks

• Perform ecdysis which is molting of the outer layer of skin

• Blue blood

• Use hemocyanin to carry oxygen.

• Contain high amount of ameobocytes used in the detection of bacterial endotoxins in medical applications

Chapter 9: Deuterostomes

• Blastopore turns into anus.

• 3 phyla: Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata

Echinodermata​

• Spiny-skinned animals​

• Adults often exhibit pentaradial symmetry​

• Larvae usually bilaterally symmetrical ​

• Usually dioecious (male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals)​

• Endoskeleton comprised of ossicles and spines​

• No excretory system, no brain, just nerve ring around mouth​

• Spines have pedicellariae (jaw-like pincers) to discourage settling​

• Water vascular system promotes locomotion, feeding, sensory reception and gas exchange​

• Tube feet​

• Adults lack a head, a brain, and segmentation​

• Complete digestive system​

• Reduced circulation system​

• Some species have gills, some have cloacal trees​

• Limb regeneration abilities​

• Autonomy – purposefully detaching a limb​

Within the Echinoderms: Class Asteroidea

• Sea stars​

• Regeneration​

• Radial symmetry​

• Can have six or more arms​

• Tube feet ventrally ​

• Feed mostly on bivalves ​

  • grasp with tube feet, pull shell open, evert stomach through mouth into bivalve shell, secrets enzymes that digest prey, suck up contents​

Within the Echinoderms: Class Echinoidea

• Sea urchins​

  • Spines associated with poison glands​

• Sand dollars​

• Sea biscuits​

• Lack arms but pentamerous arrangement visible​

• Jaw-like structures for feeding​

• Sea urchins have spines for protection ​

• 5 rows of tube feet​

Within the Echinoderms: Class Holothuroidea​

• Sea cucumbers​

  • Name from body shape​

• 5 rows of tube feet​

• Evisceration - expelling their entire digestive system and other organs​

• Tube feet around mouth modified into feeding tentacles​

• Breathe through their anus

Within the Echinoderms: Class Ophiuroidea

• Central disc and five arms​

• Tube feet not locomotive: lack suckers​

• Move by ‘serpentine lashing’ of long arms​

Chordata

1. Notochord: longitudinal, flexible rod between digestive tube and dorsal nerve cord provides skeletal support ​

2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord: develops from plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notochord​

3. Pharyngeal slits (gills): pharynx opens to outside through slits that allow water that enters mouth to pass outside without entering digestive tract​

4. Muscular, post anal tail: for propulsion​

5. Endostyle: precursor to thyroid gland

Agnathostomes

Hagfish (class Myxini)​:

• Cranium, but no vertebrae ​

• ~30 species​

• All marine scavengers ​

• Rows of slime glands (protection against predators)​

• Cartilaginous skeleton​ → chondryichthyes

Lampreys (Class Cephalaspidomorphi)​

• Many are parasites on other fishes​

• Live as FW suspension feeding larvae, then migrate to seas/lakes​

• Larvae resemble lancelets​

• Die a few days after reproduction ​

• Cartilaginous skeleton with simple, unelaborated vertebrae​

Chondrichthyes

• Sharks, rays, skates, sawfishes, and chimaeras​

• Cartilaginous skeleton fish​

• Placoid scales AKA dermal denticles​

  • More similar to teeth than scales​

  • Structurally homogenous to vertebrate teeth​

• Paired pectoral and pelvic fins and two dorsal median fins​

• Pelvic fins → claspers​

• Gill slits​

• No swim bladder​

• Lateral line system: a row of microscopic organs that sense changes in water pressure​

Osteichthyes

• Bony fishes (bony skeleton)​

• The largest most diverse chordate group​

• Subclass​

  • Sarcopterygii, lobe-finned fishes​

    • Fossil species and living fossil coelacanth​

  • Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes​

• Have swim bladder​

Ch. 10 Tetrapods

Tetrapods = four feet​

• All have the same basic internal structure​

• Snakes are tetrapods ​

Vertebrata

→ Actinopterygii; (ray-finned bony fishes)

→ Sarcopterygii; (lobe finned fleshy fishes), what tetrapods evolved form

• Order Dipnoi: Lung fishes

→ Amphibia; (two lives), are ectotherms

→ Reptilia; the amniotic egg

→ Aves; amniotic egg, endotherm, feathers, honeycombed bones, evolved from dinosaurs.

→ Mammalia; endothermic, heterodont, vestigial structures, amniotic egg

Diagrams to know: