NORM COM UNITS 1-2

Speech- the dynamic neuromuscular process of producing speech sounds for communication; a verbal (using words) means of expression.

phoneme- the smallest linguistic unit of sounds, each with distinctive features, that can signal a difference in meaning when modified (cat vs bat)

language- a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols

communication- the exchange of information, ideas, needs and desires, between two or more individuals.

dialects- subcategories of a parent language that uses similar but not identical rules.

deficit approach- notion that only one dialect of a language is inherently correct or standard and that others are substandard or exhibit some deficit

sociolinguistic approach- considers that all dialectal variation is to be related to each other and the the idealized standard. Each dialect is a valid rule system and therefore none is better than the other. 

code switching- process of varying between two or more languages.

bilingual- fluent in two languages; uses two languages on a daily basis.

paralinguistic codes- vocal and non-vocal codes that are super imposed on linguistic code to signal the speaker's attitude or emotion or to clarify or provide additional meaning (ex. intonation, stress, rate,

non-linguistic cues- coding devices that contribute to communication but are not a part of speech. Examples include gestures, body posture, eye contact, head and body movement, facial expression, and physical distance.

syntax-  organizational rules specifying word order, sentence organization, and word relationships

morphology- aspect of language concerned with the rules governing change in meaning at the intraword level

morpheme- smallest unit of meaning; indivisible without violating the meaning or producing meaningless units. There are two types free and bound

phonology- aspect of language concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech-sound patterns.

semantics-  aspect of language concerned the meaning or content of words or grammatical units.

pragmatics- aspect of language concerned with language use within a communication context.