1. The Philippines Acquires Geographical Identity

Before Spanish came- the Philippines was simply an archipelago (unknown to the world). Got her name

"Felipinas"

2. Natives Became Vassals to Spain.

Natives lost their freedom.

• pay tribute/tributo (tax)

• 1884 - replaced by cedula tax

• Polo - forced labor in which the natives 16-60 yrs old were required to work for 40 days in a year for the colonial government (a native can be exempted by paying falla)

3. The Central Government was established.

Colonial centralized government was set-up in the Philippines

Flow of Command

1. King of Spain

2. Governor General (colony)

3. Alcalde Mayor (province equivalent to governor)

4. Gobernadorcillo (town equivalent to mayor)

5. Cabeza de Barangay (barangay as to captain)

6. Governor General- highest colonial official in the colony (First- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, last- Diego de los Rios 

122 (1565-1898) governor generals governed the Philippines

To check the Abuses of the Governor Generals:

1. Royal Audiencia - To check the abuses of the colonial officials

2. Residencia - An investigation of the actuations of an outgoing governor general conducted by his successor.

3. Visita - A secret inquiry into the actuations of top colonial officials

Types of provinces:

1. Pacified (under Spanish control) - alcaldia headed by Alcalde mayor

2. Unpacified (resistance to Spanish rule) Corregimentos - headed by military officers corregidores

3. Cities - were called ayuntamiento

(Cebu-first 1569 and Manila 1572)

Towns were called pueblos

Royal Audiencia

• Highest court in the Philippines during the Spanish era

Encomienda System

• Practice designed to reward those who served the king well in wars, other military missions.

Explorations in favor of Spain.

The encomenderos would receive from the king/governor-general grant of land with the right to receive the income from the land and govern the people living on it.

4. Christianization of the Philippines.

Christianity is the enduring legacy of Spain to the Filipinos.

Religious Orders as Missionaries

1. Augustinians -1565

2. Franciscans - 1577

3. Jesuits - 1581

4. Dominicans -1581

5. Recollects -1606

6. Benedictines - 1895

As members of the Religious Orders one must Follow the 3 vows:

1. Obedience - follow the orders of the organization and superiors

2. Celibacy - single blessedness

3. Poverty - no interest on material things or possessions

5. Abolition of Slavery.

Christianity is the enduring legacy of Spain to the Filipinos.

1. 1580 

• King Charles I issued a Royal decree prohibiting the Spaniards in the colony from having native slaves

2. Gov. General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa

• chose not to follow

3. 1589 - King Philip I| ordered the freeing of slaves

4. 1591- Pope Gregory XIV issued a papal bull- excommunication of those who still held slaves in the Philippines

6. Introduction of the European System of Education. 

• Primary School, colleges and universities were established by missionaries

Education - to make the natives obedient to God.

Religion was a compulsory subject

• College of Manila 1589 (later called College of San Ignacio 1621) first University

• University of Sto Tomas- second established and the oldest existing university in the country (as college for boys in 1611) 1616 college of Sto. Tomas, renamed UST in 1645

• University of San Carlos (Cebu) - established in 1595 as parochial school by the Jesuits turned university in 1948

7. Introduction of a New Language.

Spanish language for more than 300 yrs. did not acquire the same widespread popularity as the English

Examples. Cajon, mesa, silla, counting (uno, dos, tres etc.) and many more.......

8. Development of Filipino

• Literature. Literature both Spanish and vernacular developed and flourished in the Philippines

Filipino literary works.

Noli me tangere and El filibusterismo of

Dr. Jose P. Rizal

9. Introduction of Printing. 1593 - Dominican Missionaries established a Printing press in Binondo, Manila-forerunner of what is now the Sto. Tomas Press

• Doctrina Cristiana - first Printed book

• Del Superior Govierno-first newspaper (1811) published (weekly issue)

• La Esperanza-daily newspaper (1846)

• El Ilokano-first newspaper in the dialect (1889) by Isabelo de los Reyes

Introduction to Printing.

• Juan de Vera - first known printer (a Chinese

mestizo)

• Tomas Pinpin- known in history as "Prince of Filipino Printers"

10. Introduction of European Arts.

Exposed the natives to European arts

1. Cenaculo - a religious dramatic presentation of the passion of Christ 

2. Moro-moro - drama about the conflict of Christianity and 

3. Islam zarzuela - musical show that featured songs, dances and comedies

11. Rise of Social Classes.

Number of Social classes arose in the Philippines during the Spanish regime

Among the Spaniards (residing in the Philippines)

1. Peninsulares - Spaniards born in Spain

2. Insulares - Spaniards born in the Philippines also known as the creoles 

Both are full blooded Spaniards

1. Mestizos

example: Spanish father and with other nationality mother ( filipino etc)

2. Among the Natives (indios)

3. Principalia - they were the native aristocrats (more privileged)

4. Masses - common natives

The Middle Class

• these were the Filipinos who reaped the economic progress that the colony achieved following the opening of the Philippines to world trade.

llustrados - from the ranks of the Middle class came the rich and educated Filipinos who would provide the leadership in the coming struggle for Filipino nationhood.

12. Economic Developments.

One of the important consequences of the Spanish presence in the Philippines was the economic development of the country.

Galleon Trade

• annual trade between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico (a Spanish colony in America.

Transportation and Communication:

• 1837- Postal service

• 1873 - domestic telegraph

• 1888 - International telegraph communications established.

• 1890 - by the telephone

• Manila - Dagupan Railway - 1891

The Magellan's Expeditions

• proved that the earth is round

• led to the conquest and colonization of the Philippines.

Other Spanish Expeditions (to the East)

1525 - Garcia Joffre de Loaisa

1526 -Sebatian Cabot (reached Brazil only)

1527- Alvaro de Saavedra

1542 - Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (formed in Mexico) - gave the name

"Las Islas Felipinas" in honor of the son

of King Charles I who later became King Philip I|

After the Return of the Victoria to Spain dispute developed between Spain and Portugal (both Christian countries) on the ownership of the Moluccas Island 

(Spice Island)

Before the dispute- Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 laid a demarcation line (to avoid the dispute)

Settled their disputes through peaceful negotiations

Treaty of Zaragoza ( (April 22. 1529)

• Spain sold to Portugal all her claims over the Moluccas. A new demarcation line set at about 1430 kms east of the Moluccas. All lands on the east line would belong to Portugal, west of it to Spain.

The Legazpi's Expedition.

• King Philip Il ordered the Viceroy (ruler of a colony as representative of the king) of Mexico to prepare an Expedition to the Philippines (November 21, 1564)

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi - as the commander Father Andres de Urdaneta - chief navigator and spiritual leader

The Legazpi's Expedition.

Arrived in the Philippines (Cebu) in February 1565

The Legazpi's Expedition.

• After establishing himself in Cebu (Legazpi's first settlement) Miguel Lopez de Legazpi dispatched father Urdaneta accompanied by Felipe de Salcedo to search for the return route to Mexico

Capture Of Manila

• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi sent an expedition to Manila with Capt. Martin de Goiti as the commander and Juan de Salcedo as second in command

In June 24, 1571 Legazpi moved his headquarters to Manila

Spread of Spanish Rule in the Philippines 

1. Martin de Goiti - explored Central Luzon and brought these areas under Spanish rule

2. Juan de Salcedo - to Southern Luzon, and Bicol region and later further to Northern Luzon

Successes of Juan de Salcedo

• as a reward he was given an encomienda ( a piece of land)named Villa Fernandina in honor of Prince Ferdinand ( son of King Philip). This place is now the town of Vigan, Ilocos Sur

Juan de Salcedo

• before his death at the age of 27 Salcedo performed one more valuable service for Spain. He helped saved manila from the invasion of the Chinese pirate Limahong in 1574)

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

• served as the first governor general in the Philippines ( as colony of Spain) He laid the foundations of Spain's colonial rule in the Philippines for 333 long years.

The Spanish Colonial Period in the Philippines

• Geographical Identity: Before Spanish colonization, the Philippines was an unknown archipelago, later named "Felipinas" after King Philip II.

• Spanish Rule: Natives became vassals, losing freedom and paying tribute via tax systems like tributo and later cedula tax. The system of forced labor (Polo) required males aged 16-60 to work 40 days per year.

• Government Structure: Established a centralized colonial government with the King of Spain at the top, under which were the Governor General, Alcalde Mayor, Gobernadorcillo, and Cabeza de Barangay.

• Religious Influence: Major religious orders (Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, etc.) were pivotal in Christianizing the population, which remains a lasting legacy.

• Education: The Spanish introduced a European-style education system with a focus on obedience to God; noteworthy institutions include the College of Manila and the University of Santo Tomas.

• Economic Developments: The Galleon Trade between Manila and Acapulco significantly influenced the economy, alongside improvements in transportation and communication.

• Cultural Contributions: Spanish influence shaped Filipino literature, introduced printing, and infused European arts into local culture, notably through various dramatic forms.