There are four theoretical models of counseling that address each respective field of communication orders. These are humanistic, cognitive, existential and behavioral counseling.
Behavioral counseling is the best known model out of the four theoretical models of counseling. After all, it is very structured and can be learned with ease. It utilizes punishments, positive reinforcements and negative reinforcements in order to achieve certain behaviors. These are known as operant methods. Positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus and continuing to do so to reinforce certain behaviors. For example, adding stickers after grading successful homework assignments reinforces high grades. Continuing to do so at set intervals would positively reinforce high grades. A popular misconception is that negative reinforcement is the opposite of positive reinforcement. It is not and it also is not synonymous with punishment. Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus. An example of this would be nagging. Doing chores to stop the nagging would be an example of negative reinforcement working. Punishment on the other hand involves adding an unpleasant stimulus to achieve the desired behavior. Bringing a child to a time out corner is a common punishment. The downside of behavioral counseling is that it may lead to poor generalization outside of therapy because it deals mostly with superficial feelings.
I would apply the behavioral counseling method to the school age child with a vocabulary delay due to hearing loss by utilizing operant techniques. These techniques have been used extensively in audiology to test populations and their responses to sound. Operant techniques are also used to teach children with developmental delays vocabulary (Cottrel, Montague, Farb, and Throne). This makes it optimal in this condition. Positive reinforcements in therapy, such as praise after accomplishing exercises could be used. Another common example of positive reinforcement used in therapy are edible reinforcers.
As the name suggests, humanistic counseling is centered around the human. The goal of humanistic counseling is to promote growth and self understanding, as well as achieving self-actualization. This is why it is centered around the client. However, a downside of this is that it requires the clinician to give up their power since it is client centered.
There are several techniques in play when applying this method of counseling to our client with vocabulary delay. First off, the child should not be given a label such as "intellectually disabled." Instead, the client must be given support and accepted on their own terms. The clinician should also practice empathetic listening which requires being focused on the client as opposed to counseling.
Existential counseling is counseling that is administered every now and then. The clinician is not responsible for "saving" the client and does not tend to harbor much sympathy for their clients. This is because it is solely based on the client's decision on whether or not to make progress.
Cognitive counseling identifies a client's expectations, behaviors and perceptions that needs interventions. It utilizes persuasion and assumes that a client's feelings will have changed after intervention. However, it also tends to ignore a client's feelings.
There are four theoretical models of counseling that address each respective field of communication orders. These are humanistic, cognitive, existential and behavioral counseling.
Behavioral counseling is the best known model out of the four theoretical models of counseling. After all, it is very structured and can be learned with ease. It utilizes punishments, positive reinforcements and negative reinforcements in order to achieve certain behaviors. These are known as operant methods. Positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus and continuing to do so to reinforce certain behaviors. For example, adding stickers after grading successful homework assignments reinforces high grades. Continuing to do so at set intervals would positively reinforce high grades. A popular misconception is that negative reinforcement is the opposite of positive reinforcement. It is not and it also is not synonymous with punishment. Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus. An example of this would be nagging. Doing chores to stop the nagging would be an example of negative reinforcement working. Punishment on the other hand involves adding an unpleasant stimulus to achieve the desired behavior. Bringing a child to a time out corner is a common punishment. The downside of behavioral counseling is that it may lead to poor generalization outside of therapy because it deals mostly with superficial feelings.
I would apply the behavioral counseling method to the school age child with a vocabulary delay due to hearing loss by utilizing operant techniques. These techniques have been used extensively in audiology to test populations and their responses to sound. Operant techniques are also used to teach children with developmental delays vocabulary (Cottrel, Montague, Farb, and Throne). This makes it optimal in this condition. Positive reinforcements in therapy, such as praise after accomplishing exercises could be used. Another common example of positive reinforcement used in therapy are edible reinforcers.
As the name suggests, humanistic counseling is centered around the human. The goal of humanistic counseling is to promote growth and self understanding, as well as achieving self-actualization. This is why it is centered around the client. However, a downside of this is that it requires the clinician to give up their power since it is client centered.
There are several techniques in play when applying this method of counseling to our client with vocabulary delay. First off, the child should not be given a label such as "intellectually disabled." Instead, the client must be given support and accepted on their own terms. The clinician should also practice empathetic listening which requires being focused on the client as opposed to counseling.
Existential counseling is counseling that is administered every now and then. The clinician is not responsible for "saving" the client and does not tend to harbor much sympathy for their clients. This is because it is solely based on the client's decision on whether or not to make progress.
Cognitive counseling identifies a client's expectations, behaviors and perceptions that needs interventions. It utilizes persuasion and assumes that a client's feelings will have changed after intervention. However, it also tends to ignore a client's feelings.
