SCIENCE RESOURCE.Section1.Ch1

ACADECA SCIENCE RESOURCE

-the author of the science resource is pretty funny
-i fucking love calibri but if you hate it, go to Format > Font
-sorry i cant express fractions properly on notepad

-calculators are not allowed on the science test
-sigfigs will not be on the science test

Section 1: Structure of Matter
>Chapter 1: Pre-Chemistry Skills
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METRIC (you guys better know this)
-metric is a base-10 measurement
-there are seven standard units of the metric system; all other metric units are derived from those units

LENGTH: meter (m)
MASS: kilogram (kg)
AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE: moles (mol)
LUMINOUS INTENSITY: candela (cd)
temperature: kelvin (K)
ELECTRIC CURRENT: ampere (A)
TIME: second (s)

GIGA: G, 10^9
MEGA: M, 10^6
KILO: k, 10^3
HECTO: h, 10^2
DEKA: da, 10^1

DECI: d, 10^-1
CENTI: c, 10^-2
MILLI: m, 10^-3
MICRO: µ (mu), 10^-6
NANO: n, 10^-9

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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS & UNIT CONVERSION
-hey this is fun! (LIE)
-also called the "factor-label method"

-equalities can be expressed as a "conversion factor"
-the numerator and denominator express the same physical value, e.g. 100 cm over 1 m (100 cm/1 m) or 1000 m over 1 km (1000 m/1 km)

arrange it so the units cancel out correctly

yd x ft/yd x in/ft x cm/in x m/cm = m
-notice that the numerator is then used as the denominator in the following fraction

example.. but with numbers

16 years(365 days/1 year)(24 hours/1 day)(60 min/1 hour)(60 sec/1 min) = 504,567,000 seconds
-esentially, just multiply the fractions normally (numerators x numerators, denominators x denominators)
-if it turns up as a fraction at the end, just convert it to a decimal if needed

square and cube the linear conversion factors
(3 ft/1 yd)^2 = (3^2 ft^2/1^2 yd^2) = (9 ft^2/1 yd^2)
-apply the square or cube or whatever exponent, to every value
-3 ft becomes 3^2 ft^2 (three feet to three squared feet squared)
-then you can just put it into your calculator like that

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DENSITY
-ratio of mass over volume
-usually it's grams over mL
-density is an intrinsic property of matter; it will not change based on the amount of substance present!

-density determines the sink/float of substances in water (or other fluids)
-if it is more dense than water, it shall sink. if it is less dense than water, it shall float
-water's density is 1.00 g/cm^3 (1 gram per cubic centimeter)

D = m/v

note: you know math. you should be able to determine the mass (if you know the density and volume), and vice versa for volume.

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CLASSIFICATION AND SEPARATION OF MATTER
-matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
-AKA, it's density can be defined

-matter exists either as a solid (definite volume and shape), liquid (definite volume and indefinite shape), or gas (indefinite volume and shape)
-there's plasmas too, which are superheated and their electrons don't really belong to anything... but who cares

-atoms are the smallest unit of an element that still maintains the chemical identities of that element
-subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) exist, but who cares. those don't have individual chemical properties

-elements and compounds exist as pure substances

-an element is made of the same kind of atom; e.g. five atoms of gold, or two atoms of oxygen

-compounds are made of two or more different elements chemically bonded with a unique formula; e.g. potassium hydroxide, or sodium carbonate. compounds do not include acids!

-naturally existing elements that have chemical bonds, such as diatomic molecules, are still just elements, not compounds

-mixtures are a blend of components that are physically combined; they are either heterogenous or homogenous
-heterogenous mixtures have components that can be distinguished from each other, like a salad, or a mixture of BLOOD and GUTS and
-homogenous mixtures (AKA solutions) have components that are visually indistinguishable from each other, like sugar water or soup broth

HOMOGENOUS LIQUIDS: distillation; one component shall boil and recondense before the other
SOLID DISSOLVED IN LIQUID: crystallisation, the liquid boils away and leaves behind a fun solid
INSOLUBLE SOLID IN LIQUID: filtration, the filter catches the solid and the liquid goes through
HOMOGENOUS LIQUIDS: chomratography, the stuff is passed through different phases idk probably not important
UNMIXABLE LIQUIDS: separation funnel, the liquids can be poured out individually
DIFFERENCES IN MAGNETISM: magnetic separation, connect the dots yourself OK?
"immiscible" is basically the same thing as "unmixable", think oil and water

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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND CHANGES
-physical properties are observed without changing the identity of the substance, e.g. velocity, force, conductivity
-physical changes are the "verb forms" of properties, e.g. how fast does this car go?
-chemical properties usually change the identity of the substance, e.g. flammibility, pH

note: there is a lot of overlap between physical and chemical properties, so just hope that there aren't many questions on that

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Section 1: Structure of Matter
>Chapter 2: Early Atomic Theory & Nuclear Chemistry