D

Certainly! Here’s a set of flashcards that summarize these key terms and concepts.

1. Grange

• Definition: An organization of farmers founded in the 1860s to promote economic and political reforms. It sought to reduce the power of railroad monopolies and improve farmers’ economic conditions.

2. Sherman Anti-Trust Act

• Definition: A 1890 federal law aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts that restricted competition in the marketplace. It was the first legislation to attempt to limit monopolies.

3. Great Railroad Strike of 1877

• Definition: A nationwide strike by railroad workers protesting wage cuts and poor working conditions. It was violently suppressed by state and federal troops.

4. Knights of Labor

• Definition: A labor organization founded in 1869 that advocated for broad social reforms, including the 8-hour workday, equal pay, and the end of child labor.

5. Haymarket Affair (1886)

• Definition: A labor protest rally in Chicago that turned violent when a bomb was thrown, killing police officers. It led to the decline of the Knights of Labor and heightened anti-union sentiment.

6. American Federation of Labor (AFL)/Sam Gompers

• Definition: A national labor organization founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. It focused on improving wages, hours, and working conditions for skilled workers, often using collective bargaining.

7. Henry George / Progress and Poverty

• Definition: Henry George’s 1879 book advocating for a single tax on land to reduce inequality and improve economic conditions for the working class.

8. Edward Bellamy / Looking Backward

• Definition: A utopian novel published in 1888 that envisioned a future society of economic equality, where a planned economy served the public good.

9. Homestead Strike (1892)

• Definition: A violent strike at the Carnegie Steel Company in Pennsylvania, where workers protested wage cuts and poor working conditions. The strike was broken by armed Pinkerton agents.

10. Pullman Strike (1894)

• Definition: A nationwide railroad strike initiated by the Pullman Company workers protesting wage cuts. It was crushed by federal troops, and union leader Eugene Debs was imprisoned.

11. Eugene Debs

• Definition: Leader of the American Railway Union and a key figure in the Pullman Strike of 1894. Debs later became a prominent socialist and ran for president multiple times.

12. William Jennings Bryan & “Cross of Gold”

• Definition: Bryan’s famous 1896 speech in which he advocated for the free coinage of silver to increase the money supply and aid struggling farmers.

13. Ida Tarbell

• Definition: A muckraker journalist who exposed the corrupt business practices of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company.

14. Jacob Riis

• Definition: A journalist and photographer who documented the lives of the urban poor in How the Other Half Lives. His work led to reforms in housing and labor conditions.

15. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

• Definition: A deadly fire in 1911 in a New York garment factory that killed 146 workers, leading to major reforms in labor laws, workplace safety, and fire regulations.

16. Sweatshops

• Definition: Factories, often in the garment industry, where workers, including many women and children, faced long hours, low wages, and dangerous conditions.

17. Tom Pendergast

• Definition: A political boss in Kansas City who controlled much of the city’s politics through patronage, influencing elections and city services.

18. Strikebreakers

• Definition: Workers hired to replace striking workers, often leading to violent confrontations during labor disputes.

19. Separate Spheres

• Definition: The idea that men and women had distinct roles in society, with men working in the public sphere and women in the private, domestic sphere.

20. Charlotte Perkins Gilman

• Definition: A feminist and sociologist who advocated for women’s economic independence and gender equality, known for her book Women and Economics.

21. Margaret Sanger

• Definition: A pioneering advocate for birth control and women’s reproductive rights. She founded Planned Parenthood in 1916.

22. Emma Goldman

• Definition: An anarchist who advocated for workers’ rights, free speech, and women’s rights. She was a radical social activist during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

23. Jane Addams & Hull House

• Definition: Addams founded Hull House in Chicago to provide social services to immigrants, including education, health care, and job training.

24. Upton Sinclair / The Jungle

• Definition: Sinclair’s 1906 novel exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and led to federal food safety laws like the Pure Food and Drug Act.

25. Municipal Reform

• Definition: Efforts to reduce corruption in city governments through reforms such as direct election of mayors, council members, and the establishment of city commissions.

26. 17th Amendment

• Definition: An amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1913) that established the direct election of U.S. Senators, reducing the influence of political machines.

27. 19th Amendment

• Definition: The amendment (1920) that granted women the right to vote, a major victory for the women’s suffrage movement.

28. Robert La Follette

• Definition: A progressive governor and U.S. senator from Wisconsin known for championing direct primaries, government regulation of business, and political reform.

29. Ida B. Wells

• Definition: A journalist and anti-lynching activist who fought for civil rights and women’s suffrage.

30. “Square Deal”

• Definition: Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program that focused on conservation, controlling corporations, and consumer protection, ensuring fairness for all Americans.

31. Pure Food and Drug Act

• Definition: A 1906 law that established federal regulations to ensure the safety of food and medicines.

32. Meat Inspection Act

• Definition: A 1906 law that required federal inspection of meatpacking plants to ensure sanitary conditions and safe products.

33. Bull Moose Party

• Definition: A third-party movement led by Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election after a rift with President Taft. It pushed for progressive reforms like women’s suffrage and labor rights.

34. Election of 1912

• Definition: A presidential election in which Democrat Woodrow Wilson won after the Republican Party split between incumbent Taft and Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party, highlighting the importance of progressive reforms.

Big Issues Surrounding Discontent Between Big Business & Workers

• Workers faced poor wages, long hours, and unsafe working conditions, leading to labor strikes and the growth of labor unions (e.g., AFL, IWW).

• Farmers struggled with falling crop prices, railroad monopolies, and advocated for bi-metalism (the use of both gold and silver) to increase the money supply.

• Muckrakers exposed these injustices, leading to progressive reforms and greater government intervention.

Rise of Feminism & Key Female Reformers

• Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Emma Goldman, Margaret Sanger, and Ida B. Wells were key figures in the rise of feminism, advocating for women’s rights, birth control, and racial equality.

Muckrakers & Social Activism / Start of the Progressive Movement

• Muckrakers like Upton Sinclair and Jacob Riis exposed corruption, unsafe working conditions, and inequality, fueling the Progressive Movement and calls for social reforms.

Political and Municipal Reform / Weakening of Party Bosses

• Reformers like Robert La Follette pushed for direct primaries and the 17th Amendment to reduce the power of political bosses and give voters more control.

Haymarket Affair (1886)

• Workers’ protest in Chicago turned violent when a bomb exploded, leading to a crackdown on labor movements and distrust of radical unionists.

Government Policies: McKinley, TR, Taft

• McKinley favored protective tariffs and imperialism.

• Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” focused on regulating corporations and protecting consumers.

• Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy promoted American investment overseas to spread influence.

Certainly! Here are the remaining flashcards for the topics you provided:

35. Great Strike of 1877

• Definition: A nationwide railroad strike caused by wage cuts and poor working conditions, which spread to other industries. It ended with federal troops intervening to break the strike.

36. Knights of Labor

• Definition: A labor organization that sought to unite all workers, regardless of skill, race, or gender, advocating for an 8-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and the abolition of child labor.

37. Haymarket Affair (1886)

• Definition: A violent protest during a labor rally in Chicago that led to the deaths of several police officers. The incident hurt the labor movement and was blamed on anarchists and radicals.

38. Samuel Gompers & the AFL

• Definition: Samuel Gompers was the first president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which focused on organizing skilled workers and advocating for better wages, hours, and working conditions through collective bargaining.

39. Homestead Strike (1892)

• Definition: A violent labor dispute at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead Steel plant in Pennsylvania over wage cuts. The strike was crushed when armed Pinkerton agents clashed with workers, resulting in several deaths.

40. Haywood & the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)

• Definition: A radical labor organization founded by Bill Haywood and others in 1905, advocating for the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of worker-run industries. It gained popularity in the early 20th century.

41. Pullman Strike (1894)

• Definition: A nationwide railroad strike against the Pullman Company, where workers protested wage cuts and high rents in company-owned housing. The strike was broken by federal troops, and union leader Eugene Debs was arrested.

42. Eugene Debs

• Definition: Leader of the American Railway Union and the Pullman Strike, Debs later became a prominent socialist leader. He ran for president five times, advocating for workers’ rights and economic reforms.

43. Authors & Books

44. Jacob Riis

• Definition: A muckraking journalist and photographer whose book How the Other Half Lives exposed the horrific living conditions of the urban poor in New York City, sparking reforms.

45. Upton Sinclair / The Jungle

• Definition: A novel that exposed the unsanitary and unsafe conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to public outcry and the passing of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

46. Edward Bellamy / Looking Backward

• Definition: A utopian novel published in 1888 in which the protagonist wakes up in the year 2000 and discovers a peaceful, cooperative, and economically equal society, which influenced progressive thought.

47. Thorstein Veblen

• Definition: An economist and sociologist best known for his critique of capitalism, particularly in his book The Theory of the Leisure Class, where he discussed the wasteful consumption of the wealthy.

48. Horatio Alger

• Definition: An author famous for his rags-to-riches novels that portrayed the American Dream and the possibility of success through hard work and perseverance, though often criticized for being overly optimistic.

49. Policies of William McKinley, TR, and Taft

50. William McKinley

• Definition: The 25th U.S. president who advocated for protective tariffs and led the country during the Spanish-American War, which resulted in American imperial expansion.

51. Theodore Roosevelt & “Square Deal”

• Definition: Roosevelt’s domestic program, focusing on conservation, consumer protection, and regulating corporations to ensure fairness. His “Square Deal” aimed at balancing the interests of business, labor, and consumers.

52. Theodore Roosevelt & “New Nationalism”

• Definition: Roosevelt’s platform in the 1912 election, which called for a strong federal government to regulate business and ensure social justice, including economic rights for workers and women.

53. William Taft & “Dollar Diplomacy”

• Definition: Taft’s foreign policy, which encouraged American businesses to invest in Latin America and East Asia to expand U.S. influence and economic interests.

54. Government Reform Acts

• Definition: Various reforms aimed at increasing government accountability and reducing corruption, including the Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, and the establishment of the Federal Trade Commission.

55. State Party & Senate Reform / La Follette

• Definition: Progressive reforms led by Robert La Follette in Wisconsin, such as the introduction of direct primaries and the establishment of a more transparent and accountable government.

56. Weakening of Party Bosses / Direct Primary, 17th Amendment

• Definition: Reforms such as the direct primary (which allowed voters, rather than party bosses, to choose candidates) and the 17th Amendment (which established the direct election of U.S. Senators) to reduce the power of political machines and increase voter influence.

57. Immigration

• Definition: The movement of millions of people, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe, to the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This led to increased labor competition and prompted both nativist backlash and progressive reforms for immigrant rights.

58. America and Empire

• Definition: The late 19th and early 20th-century period in which the U.S. expanded its influence through imperialism, acquiring territories like Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam following the Spanish-American War.

59. “Yellow Journalism”

• Definition: A style of sensationalized reporting, popularized by publishers like William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, aimed at increasing newspaper circulation. It played a significant role in stirring public opinion during events like the Spanish-American War.