Unit 3 AP Workd (Updated)

hapter 16

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American Revolution: 1775-1783 C.E. Colonial revolt against British rule that resulted in the independence of

the United States, influenced by Enlightenment ideals and economic grievances.

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Ancien regime: Meaning “old order,

” and refers to the period prior to the French Revolution in 1789.

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Anti-semitism: Term coined in the late nineteenth century that was associated with a prejudice against Jews

and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them.

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Caudillos: Latin American term for nineteenth-century local military leaders.

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Civil Code: Civil law promulgated by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804.

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Congress of Vienna: Gathering of European diplomats from October 1814 to June 1815. The representatives

of the “great powers” that defeated Napoleon— Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia— dominated the

proceedings, which aimed to restore the prerevolutionary political and social order.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: Document from the French Revolution (1789) that was

influenced by the American Declaration of Independence and in turn influenced other revolutionary

movements.

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Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen: 1791 document written by Olympe de Gouges

that called for gender equality, mirroring the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen but advocating for

women's rights.

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Deists: An Enlightenment view that accepted the existence of a god but denied the supernatural aspects of

Christianity; the universe was an orderly realm maintained by rational and natural laws.

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Enlightenment: Eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the

preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition; it spread concepts from the Scientific Revolution.

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Estates General: French representative assembly of the three estates—clergy, nobility, and commoners—last

convened in 1789, leading to the French Revolution.

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French Revolution: 1789-1799 C.E. Revolutionary period in France marked by the overthrow of the monarchy,

radical social change, and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Gens de couleur: “People of color” in the French Caribbean colonies, particularly Saint-Domingue, including

freed slaves and mixed-race individuals who played a role in the Haitian Revolution.

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Gran Colombia: Short-lived republic (1819-1831) formed by Simón Bolívar, uniting present-day Colombia,

Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama before fracturing due to political divisions.

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Haitian revolution: 1791-1804 C.E. The only successful slave revolt in history, led by Toussaint Louverture,

which resulted in Haiti’s independence from France.

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Judenstaat: 896 pamphlet written by Theodor Herzl advocating for a Jewish homeland as a solution to

anti-Semitism, laying the foundation for the Zionist movement.

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Levee en masse: A term signifying universal conscription during the radical phase of the French revolution.

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Liberalism: Political ideology emphasizing individual freedoms, representative government, and free markets,

emerging as a response to absolute monarchy and mercantilism.

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National Assembly: Revolutionary legislative body formed in 1789 by the Third Estate in France, which played

a key role in abolishing feudal privileges and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

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Nationalism: Political and cultural ideology advocating for self-governance based on shared language, culture,

and history, which played a major role in 19th-century revolutions and unifications.

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Peninsulares: Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal.

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Philosophes: Enlightenment intellectuals in 18th-century France, such as Voltaire and Montesquieu, who

promoted reason, progress, and secular governance.

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Realpolitik: The Prussian Otto von Bismarck’s belief that only the willingness to use force would actually bring

about change.

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The Social Contract: 1762 work by Jean-Jacques Rousseau arguing that political legitimacy comes from a

collective agreement among citizens rather than divine right.

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Volksgeist: “People’s spirit,

” a term that was coined by German philosopher Herder; it would not come to

maturity unless people studied their own unique culture and traditions.

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Waterloo: 1815 battle in which Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by British and Prussian forces, marking the

end of his rule and the Napoleonic Wars.

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Young Italy: Political movement founded in 1831, advocating for the unification of Italy under a republican

government.

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Zionism: Nationalist movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, primarily in Palestine,

as a response to European anti-Semitism.

Chapter 17

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Calicoes: Inexpensive, brightly printed cotton textiles from India that became highly popular in Europe, leading

to industrial restrictions such as the British Calico Acts of 1701 and 1721.

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Cartels: Business organizations that work together to control production, distribution, and prices, often forming

monopolies to dominate industries.

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Child labor: The widespread employment of children in factories, mines, and other industries during the

Industrial Revolution, often under harsh and dangerous conditions.

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Communism: Political and economic theory of social organization with its origins in the early nineteenth

century, based on the collective ownership of the means of production; but it includes abolition of private

property in the hopes of creating even greater equality.

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Corporations: A concept that reached mature form in the 1860’s in England and France; it involved private

business owned by thousands of individual and institutional investors who financed the business through the

purchase of stocks.

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Crystal Palace: A glass and iron structure that housed an exhibition in London in 1851 to display industrial

products.

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Demographic transition: Shift from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates, typically

accompanying industrialization and economic development.

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Factory system: Industrial production method that brought workers, machinery, and raw materials together in

centralized locations, increasing efficiency but reducing worker autonomy.

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Flying shuttle: Invented by John Kay in 1733, a weaving device that increased textile production speed,

contributing to the mechanization of the textile industry.

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Luddites: Early 19th century artisans who were opposed to new machinery and industrialization.

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Middle class: Social class that grew during the Industrial Revolution, consisting of professionals, merchants,

and factory owners who benefited from industrial capitalism.

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Mule: Spinning device invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779 that combined features of the spinning jenny and

the water frame, revolutionizing cotton production.

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Power loom: Invention of Edmund Cartwright in 1785 that significantly increased textile production and

contributed to the decline of hand-weaving.

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Second industrial revolution: Late 19th-century phase of industrialization marked by advances in steel,

chemicals, electricity, and communication technologies.

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Socialism: Political and economic theory of social organization with its origins in the early nineteenth century,

based on the collective ownership of the means of production; but does not include the abolition of private

property nor promise total equality across a society.

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Trade unions: Organizations formed by workers to demand better wages, hours, and working conditions, often

opposed by governments and business owners.

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Trusts: Large business entities that sought to eliminate competition and dominate markets through

monopolistic practices.

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Utopian socialists: Movement that emerged around 1830 to establish ideal communities that would provide the

foundation for an equitable society.

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Working class: ndustrial laborers who worked in factories and mines, often facing poor conditions, low wages,

and limited political rights.

Chapter 19

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Boxer rebellion: 1899-1901 anti-foreigner uprising in China led by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious

Fists, suppressed by an international coalition.

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Capitulations: Highly unfavorable trading agreements that the Ottoman Turks signed with the Europeans in the

19th century that symbolized the decline of the Ottomans.

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Cohong: Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation.

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Crimean War: 1853-1856 CE War fought between Russia on one side and Great Britain, France, the Ottoman

Empire, and Sardina on the other.

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Duma: Russian parliament, established after the revolution of 1905.

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Emancipation Manifesto: Proclamation by the Russian Tsar Alexander II in 1861 that abolished the institution of

serfdom and freed 23 million serfs.

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Hundred Days reforms: Chinese reforms of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in their desire to turn

China into a modern industrial power.

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Janissaries: Highly respected, elite infantry units of the Ottoman Empire, who formed the first modern standing

army in Europe.

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Meiji restoration: Restoration of imperial rule in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi;

the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen Japan.

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Opium War: 1839-1842 conflict between Britain and China over British drug trade, resulting in China’s defeat

and the imposition of unequal treaties.

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Pogroms: Yiddish word meaning “devastation,

” referring to an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group-

especially Jews in Eastern Europe

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Samurai: A Japanese warrior.

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Self-Strengthening Movement: Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural conditions with

European industrial technology.

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Taiping rebellion: Rebellion (1850-1864) in Qing China led by Hong Xiuquan, during which 20-30 million were

killed; the rebellion was symbolic of the decline of China during the 19th century.

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Tanzimat: “Reorganization” era (1839-1876) an attempt to reorganize the Ottoman empire on Enlightenment

and constitutional forms

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Treaty of Nanjing: 1842 Treaty forced on China by Great Britain's victory in the first Opium War, which forcibly

opened China to western trade and settlement.

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Unequal treaties: A series of treaties, in which China granted Western powers trade privileges and territorial

concessions.

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Young Turks: 19th century reformers who pushed for changes within the Ottoman empire, such as universal

suffrage and freedom of religion.

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Zaibatsu: Japanese term for “wealthy cliques” which are similar to American trusts and cartels but usually

organized around one family.

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Zemstvos: District assemblies elected by Russians in the nineteenth century.

Chapter 20

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Berlin Conference: Meeting organized by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1884-1885 that provided

the justification for European colonization of Africa.

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Direct rule: Colonial governance system in which European powers controlled territories directly, often

replacing local rulers with European officials.

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East India Company: British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its

own armed Forces.

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Great Game: Nineteenth-century competition between Great Britain and Russia for the control of Central Asia.

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Indentured labor: Labor source for plantations; wealthy planters would pay the laboring poor to sell a portion of

their working lives, usually seven years, in exchange for passage.

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Indian National Congress: Political organization founded in 1885 to advocate for greater Indian participation in

government and eventual independence from British rule.

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Indirect rule: Colonial administration method in which local rulers maintained authority under European

supervision, used particularly in British and French colonies.

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Maori: Indigenous people of New Zealand.

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Mission civilisatrice: French justification for imperialism, claiming to bring civilization, Christianity, and progress

to colonized peoples.

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Monroe Doctrine: American doctrine issued in 1823 that warned Europeans to keep their hands off Latin

America and that expressed growing American imperialistic views regarding Latin America.

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Omdurman: 1898 battle in Sudan where British forces, using modern weaponry, decisively defeated Mahdist

forces, showcasing European military dominance.

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The Origin of the Species: 1859 work by Charles Darwin proposing the theory of evolution by natural selection,

profoundly influencing scientific and social thought.

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Panama Canal: Waterway completed in 1914, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, significantly

boosting global trade and U.S. influence in Latin America.

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Roosevelt Corollary: 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting the right to intervene in Latin American

affairs to maintain stability.

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Russo-Japanese War: 1904-1905 conflict in which Japan defeated Russia, marking the first time an Asian

power triumphed over a European empire in modern history.

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Scientific racism: Nineteenth-century attempt to justify racism by scientific means; an example would be

Gobineou’s Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races.

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Scramble for Africa: Period between 1875 and 1900 in which European powers sought to colonize as much of

the African continent as possible.

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South African War: 1899-1902 war between the British and Afrikaners (Boers), resulting in British victory.

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Spanish-Cuban-American War: 1898 war leading to American control over colonies including Cuba, Puerto

Rico, and the Philippines.

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Suez Canal: Strategic waterway connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas, opened in 1869, greatly

enhancing trade and European control over global shipping routes.

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Terra nullius: Concept meaning “land belonging to no one” used frequently by colonial powers who sought to

justify the conquest of nomadic lands.

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Treaty of Waitangi: Treaty between the British government and Indigenous Maori peoples of New Zealand in

1840 that was interpreted differently by both sides and thus created substantial Maori opposition to British

settlement.

People

Chapter 16

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Adam Smith: 1723-1790. Scottish philosopher and founder of modern political economy, and a key figure in the

Scottish Enlightenment. Best known for An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,

published in 1776.

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Baron de Montesquieu: 1689-1755 c.e. French political philosopher who advocated the separation of

legislative, executive, and judicial government powers.

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton: 1815-1902 C.E. American suffragist, abolitionist, and women's rights activist who

played a key role in the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 and co-authored the Declaration of Sentiments.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi: 1807-1882 C.E. Italian nationalist and military leader who played a crucial role in the

unification of Italy, leading the Red Shirts in campaigns to unify the Italian states.

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Giuseppe Mazzini: 1805-1872 C.E. Italian nationalist and activist who founded the Young Italy movement and

was a key ideological leader in the push for Italian unification.

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Jean-Jaques Rousseau: 1712-1778 C.E. French philosopher and writer whose works, including The Social

Contract, influenced the French Revolution and modern political thought by advocating popular sovereignty

and direct democracy.

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John Locke: 1632-1704 C.E. English philosopher and political thinker who argued for natural rights, including

life, liberty, and property, and whose ideas on government influenced the Enlightenment and the American and

French Revolutions.

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Louis XVI: 1754-1793 C.E. The last king of France before the end of the French monarchy during the French

Revolution, who was executed by guillotine.

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Mary Wollstonecraft: 1759-1797 C.E. English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights, who wrote A

Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792.

Chapter 19

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Abdul Hamid II: Reigned 1876–1909 C.E. Sultan of the Ottoman Empire whose despotic style of rule led to the

creation of many opposition groups and to his deposition by dissidents in 1909.

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Alexander II: Reigned 1855-1881 C.E. Russian tsar known for his emancipation of the serfs in 1861 and

attempts at modernizing Russia, but was assassinated by radical revolutionaries.

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Cixi: 1835-1908 C.E. Former imperial concubine who established herself as effective ruler of the Qing dynasty

in the fifty years prior to the end of Qing rule in 1908. She was hated by millions for her lavish spending,

corruption, and resistance to reform.

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Commodore Matthew Perry: 1794-1858 C.E. U.S. naval officer who forced Japan to open its ports to American

trade through the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, ending Japan's period of isolation.

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Lin Zexu: 1785-1850 C.E. Chinese scholar and official appointed by the Qing government to destroy the illegal

opium trade conducted by the British and other European and American traders.

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Mahmud II: Reigned 1808-1839 C.E. Ottoman sultan who implemented significant military and administrative

reforms, including the destruction of the Janissary corps, as part of efforts to modernize the empire.

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Muhammad Ali: Reigned 1805-1848 C.E. Egyptian general who built a powerful army on the European model

and became the effective ruler of Egypt in spite of its official status as an Ottoman territory.

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Mutsuhito: 1852-1912 C.E. The first Meiji emperor of Japan who reigned from 1867 until his death. During his

reign Japan transformed from a feudal to an industrial economy.

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Nicholas II: Reigned 1894-1917. Russian tsar who was first deposed and then executed along with his family,

in the Russian Revolution.

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Selim III: Reigned 1789-1807 C.E. Ottoman sultan who attempted military and governmental reforms but faced

opposition from conservative forces, leading to his eventual deposition and assassination.

Chapter 20

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Cecil John Rhodes: 1853-1902 C.E. British imperialist, businessman, and politician who played a key role in

expanding British influence in southern Africa and was a proponent of colonialism.

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Emilio Aguinaldo: 1869-1964 C.E. Filipino revolutionary who declared independence from Spain and then

fought against the United States during its war of occupation.

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Leopold II: Reigned 1865-1909 C.E. King of Belgium who privately controlled the Congo Free State, where his

exploitative policies led to the deaths of millions through forced labor and brutality.

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Ram Mohan Roy: 1772-1833 C.E. Bengali intellectual who sought to harmonize aspects of European society

with those of Indian society with the goal of reforming India along progressive lines.