Review

• Psychological Science’s Integrative Themes 

• Psychological Disorders - deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions

• Approaches to Psychological Disorders

  • Medical model- psych disorders are an illness of the mind and can be treated

  • Biopsychosocial- interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

  • Biological- disorders have biological origins

  • Psychological- experiences, thoughts, emotions, personality

  • Sociocultural- social context

    • Ex. Bulimia nervosa, running amok, Hikikomori (social withdrawal, Japan)

  • Diathesis-stress Model- Preexisting genetics + stressful experiences→ psych disorders

• DSM-5 primary uses

  • Dangers of labeling disorders and stigma- self-fulfilling prophesies, add to stereotypes

  • Bias towards medical model- treats psychological disorders as mental illness

  • Criticisms- too subjective, focuses on weaknesses, over diagnosis

• Comorbidity- obesity, nicotine, alcohol, or drug use

• Anxiety Disorders (including symptoms)

  • Links to respiration- respiration can influence anxiety and vice versa

  • Role of learning- constant fear of other episodes can lead individuals to avoid situations where panic might strike

  • Obsessions- ideas or thoughts that continually on a person’s mind

  • Compulsions- irresistible urges to behave in a certain way

    • Most Common Complusion- hand washing

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

  • Panic Disorder

  • Specific Phobias (you don’t have to name specific phobias, but should be able to recognize symptoms as “specific phobia”)

  • OCD

• Stress-Related Disorders (including symptoms)

  • Risk factors for PTSD- those with little control, traumatized more frequently, smaller amygdala, genetic predisposition

  •  PTSD

• Mood Disorders (including symptoms)

  • Factors

    • Learned Helplessness- when an individual stops trying to change a situation even when they have the ability to do so

    • Biological- DNA linkage, twin studies

    • Psychological- brain activity, neurotransmitters

    • Sociocultural

  • depressive

  • manic/mania

  • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

  • Bi-polar Disorder(BPD)

• Schizophrenia (including symptoms)

  • Hallucination vs delusion

  • Psychosis

  • Negative and Positive symptoms Eg:  Flat affect, delusions, hallucinations, anhedonia, etc.

  • Brain Characteristics in Schizophrenia (ventricles, thalamus, etc.)

  • Risk factors for Schizophrenia

• Heritability rates of different Psychological disorders

• NSSI

• Suicide

• Stigma

  • Rosenthal Stigma Study- fake psychiatric patients: label “schizophrenia” stuck

Therapy (Ch 16)  - 10 questions

Study Topics

• Clinical Psychology- relieve suffering of individuals with psychological disorders

• Types of Therapists- clinical/counseling psychologists, social workers

• Psychotherapy- treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems though the use of psychological techniques, designed to encourage understanding of problems and modifying troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships

  • Psychodynamic therapy- early childhood experiences, unconscious conflicts

    • psychoanalyis

    • Freud

  • Humanistic

    • reflective speech- a process where someone actively listens and responds to a speaker. Restating and clarifying

    • empathy

    • Active Listening

    • Unconditional Positive Regard- acceptance

    • Perspective

    • Client-centered therapy (Carl Rodgers)

  • Behavioral Therapy

    • Classical and Operant Conditioning in Therapy

    • Roots in Behaviorism

    • Systematic Desensitization- apply relaxation while imagining fearful scenes

    • Counterconditioning:  Aversive Therapy and Exposure therapy- pair undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli

  • Cognitive Therapy

    • Role of illogical thoughts- primary source of psychological problems

    • Cognitive Restructuring- recognizing and altering unhealthy patterns

    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy- alters how people think and act

    • Beck's Cognitive Therapy- when people misattribute negative experiences to their own deficiencies

    • Decatastrophize- not to automatically assume the worst possible outcome in any situation

  • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

  • Overall effectiveness-very effective

  • evidence-based practice- effectiveness is supported by clinical research

  • therapeutic alliance- collaborative trust between therapist and client

  • Types:

  • Factors that contribute to effective psychotherapy- evidence-based practice, therapeutic alliance, therapist expertise, client active engagement

• Biomedical Therapy

  • Mood-stablizers

    • lithium

  • antipsychotics

    • examples- Risperodol, Abilify

    • common side effects- diabetes, obesity

  • anti-anxiety drugs

    • examples- benzodiazepines

    • common side effects- decreased coordination, dependence

  • antidepressants

    • prozac and other examples

    • pros/cons- sometimes immediate effects, sometimes after few weeks. Dry mouth, constipation, decreased sexual responsiveness

    • Major types

      • tricyclics

      • monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

      • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

    • uses for anxiety disorders and other disorders

    • common side effects

  • Rates of use

  • Uses

  • Drug Therapy

  • Psychosurgery- prefrontal lobotomies for OCD, depression, or BPD

  • Electroconvulsive Therapy- small electric currents produce brief seizure

• Sociocultural Approach

  • Family Therapy

    • Validation

    • Detriangulation- third party removes self from unstable two partys

  • Self-Help Group

  • Cross-cultural competence

  • Group Therapy

• Deinstitutionalization (Community Mental Health)- increases homelessness

• Psychological Science’s Integrative Themes 

Ch 17  Health Psychology— 10 Questions

Study Topics

• Health Psychology

  • Theory of Reasoned Action

    1. Specific intentions about behavior

    2. Positive attitude about new behavior

    3. Perceptions of group support

  • Theory of Planned Behavior

    1. Specific intentions about behavior

    2. Positive attitude about new behavior

    3. Perceptions of group support

    4. Perception of control over outcome

  • Stages of Change Model

    • Order of steps

      1. Precontemplation

      2. Contemplation

      3. Preparation/determination

      4. Action/willpower

      5. Maintainence

    • Examples of steps

  • general adaptation syndrome (GAS) - Seyle

    • alarm- shock and hormones released

    • resistance- different hormones protect individual

    • exhaustion- extended stress takes toll

  • psychoneuroimmunology

    • stress effect on immune system

• Social support

  • emotional

  • informational

  • tangible

  • Conscientiousness

  • Personal Control

    • External Locus of Control- believe that chance or outside factors control their fate

    • Internal Locus of Control- believe that they control their own destiny

  • Self-efficacy- belief that one can perform adequately in a specific situation

  • Optimism- attributes success yo internal factors and failures to outside factors

    • Seligman

  • Hardiness- influences the extent to which people apprise stressful situations as manageable or enjoyable

  • Cognitive Appraisal Model of Stress (Lazarus)

    • Primary appraisal- concerned with how harmful situation is

    • secondary appraisal- concerned with whether individual possesses the resources to successfully face it

  • Problem-Centered/Problem-Focused- identifies problems and focuses on changing the stressor

  • Emotion- Centered/ Emotion-Focused- focuses on changing how you feel in response to stressor

  • Effectiveness of types of coping- problem centered is better

  • Exercise

    • examples- longer lifespan, decreases depression, increases cognitive functioning

    • Aerobic

  • Quitting Smoking

    • effects- cuts cardiovascular risks, cancer, risk of dying

    • substitutes- medication, patches

    • Research findings

    • Nicotine- highly addictive chemical compound present in tobacco plant

    • “Cold Turkey”- quit all the way

    • Successful techniques

  • Safe Sex

    • examples

    • STI

  • Theories

  • Stress

  • Implementation intentions

  • Social Support

  • Religious Participation- religious people live longer

  • Dispositions and Emotions

  • Coping

  • Healthy Habits

  • Psychological Science’s Integrative Themes