Business, lots of roles and responsibilities for both. Just kind of sums it up for government, for business in three different categories. So we have business government as a business promoter. So they promote businesses. There are regulators, so they regulate businesses, and as we talked about intellectual property areas, they're protected. From the different ways that government promote business, so there's more business through infrastructure workforce development for different training programs, funding for those programs, funding infrastructure, things like that, crown corporations. Acting as a. Source of information. So this kind of goes both ways. Government like for example tax Canada, they create a variety of reports businesses can go to access information businesses and return create a lot of really valuable information for government. I'll kind of pause everything, talk about that but down to the source of information. For each other in different ways. And. Financial assistance. We talked quite a bit. About that government. Provides grants. They provide loans, they act as an investor. And another big one is incentive incentives in subsidies. So we'll talk more about this group, of course. But government provides incentives meaning. Reasons for businesses potentially active certain names actually be reduced taxes as an example, and incentive to act a certain way. Subsidies maybe for going green, they might subsidize part of your business for you or part of that technology you're adopting. OK. We'll go to Slide 6, regulator, so. There's also examples. Of how government regulates business through public policy, such as ones that we'll talk about in this class with our monetary, fiscal, trade, competition, environment, intellectual property protections, and so on.

Yes.

And it also actions are protected, so it provides protection from political risk factors, formulates, implemented rules and regulations such as the protection of cholesterol fracture. I think it's excite selling. The responsibilities of businesses so businesses play a vital role in supporting governments through a variety of ways. One of the primary ways is the payment of taxes. So governments, main source of revenue, is collected through public taxes. Sunday fund, a lot of their programs and initiatives, they're pretty taking that money from the taxpayer and putting it back. They also provide expertise and advice, so if you click on that link in the slide. It will bring. Up just an example. There's so many examples that this is a pro. Group. And it won't let me do it on my phone, but it just shows you an example of government soliciting advice from businesses, so getting prominent business figures from the community together to form a working group to actually advise immigrants. So I think that might be about tax policy, but. There's certain areas that government this is not an expert in and they want the advice of experts. When they look to the. Business community to provide that advice. It's important role. That they play. And. OK, acting as a source of information. So we kind of talked about that businesses collect a lot of information, they do a lot of. Analysis. Of their own that government can look to, and the last initial execution of contracts. And that's it for today. Anyone have any questions about? Anything that we talked about? OK, so hopefully next class will be in this room, you know, and there's also more reading. And again thank you for.

Chapter One, Chapter 2 and also additional reading on Nexus. And.

Transcript

Probably wouldn't ask you to. Write more than a paragraph or two. Yeah. OK. Any other questions about grading or anything that I mentioned so far?

OK.

So all the materials of course I'll post to Nexus as soon as possible, and everything for this week's front. We should have it on there. Having trouble accessing it, just let me know you have to download the PowerPoint. Looks really funny if you just. Try to look at the PowerPoint on Nexus. And. Classroom conduct, so please be here on time. Obviously people run late. No problem there. Just trying to come in. Finally trying to attend as many classes as you can. I'm not grading on participation for spring session, but I really do feel that the reason you come really is to network and share ideas and think. Basically, with your, your classmates and your peers. So I think there's a lot of really valuable. At least I hope activities and discussions that we'll be having and that will contribute. To your knowledge. I'm trying to participate meaningful on discussions group assignment. I usually have about one activity per chapter, so we can probably expect about the activities per class. And. Personal cell phone use is not permitted during class time of. Course if you're. Doing activities and you need to research and things like that need your. Phone or your. Just a note, so testing exams they won't be rescheduled if you're sick. I probably would require a doctor's note and then of course we'll make other arrangements, maybe. Like that, but it wouldn't be our scheduled test. Let's say it's one of the first. Syllabus. Page three, I think. Tradition note it is possible that we might not be able to cover. Everything kind of depends. On the patient class, so far we've managed. To count since we have. Been able to cover all the materials, so that's great. When you're looking at what I've listed, you'll see there's a note to include, so when it says exclude, it's referring to sections sections of the text. That you do not have to read. So when you're looking at the chapter that says exclude 7.2, you don't need to read that part of the chapter. But Please ensure that you read everything. Else that's not on that list. Any questions about that hurts. We're doing the first two chapters per class. Some are longer, some are shorter. There's a couple of classes, but where we will be doing 3 chapters? There's only. A couple classes so. As as I mentioned, term plus one May 21st. The length I mean it kind of depends on the task. It could be about an hour and a half to an hour, 45 minutes you'll be free to go. Once you're done, we'll. Probably try and start right at six. OK. And. And as I mentioned, the group presentation will be the last couple of weeks. So your research paper for the presentation will be due one week before you actually present. And again, we'll talk more about that next week. I think the final withdrawal date is at the end of next week. So best not to sign up for presentation before then. Because there's a ton of movement and usually, and we've had it where, you know, people have to move groups and things like that. So more to come on that and. Any questions?

recoding last.mp3 was uploaded using the Transcribe feature on OneNote for Win32.

9:38 PM Thursday, May 9, 2024

The ministers, the Prime Minister is responsible for. Implementing new laws suggest.

Yeah, yeah, it can still be really important in government and business, right in the public. Sorry in government and. They're accountable to. The public right business, your Council to varieties, people, your customers, your.

So.

Stakeholders. Shareholders. Yeah, that ability is really important similarly. Between the two, what about POPM voted?

People like in democratic countries, they're chosen by. Like most votes.

So the CEO. I would say isn't normally voted the Prime Minister. Absolutely you vote for CEO, I mean, I guess it would depend on the.

Business, but I think. The shareholders deserve, through the CEO or same people. Yeah.

Yeah. So normally it would be like the board of Directors or for WW, the most recent president there was like a committee that was formed to help find the next president. So you can see how you're seeing similarity. I think a really important difference between the two is that you are voting. Right in the public and government, we are voting for the people that represent. You should be in power, whereas business, you know, the public doesn't really have a lot of say in how in terms of voting, unless you're a shareholder of a company or something.

This. At the same time. And also the Prime Minister, only the Liberals vote on this.

Yeah, don't look for the directory. Great. Yeah. Yeah, good point. So I'll talk about representative democracy a little bit in this class, but yeah, you're not directly voting for the Prime Minister. You're voting for your MLA, your member of the Legislative Assembly Manitoba, or you're voting for the Member of Parliament. So I'm going to talk about this later, but you know, for example, in my area, my. I know lady is Robert De Bozell and my. Energy is standard itself. So that tells you what area I. Live in if. You know where your your key is in your MLA, but you're voting for that person and their party then to represent you, right? So it's not actually Justin Trudeau or fearful. Yeah, that you're you're actually going. Yeah.

OK. Bottom level purpose. Yeah, so like listen.

Businesses. Sorry, in the government, for example, take the provincial government orders their ideas to support you.

OK.

Example of like the bottom level of government. That you're.

Thinking of, I mean, but if you think like the provincial level.

Oh.

Or like if someone goes to like. Pass a law.

We will have to. Often talk about it.

Senate to pass the bill.

OK, I sometimes hear you're saying. Yeah, yeah, for sure. And again in the public service to you people who kind of policy analysts. In particular, would be. Proposing ideas or recommendations that would go up to like a. Minister or something like that. So OK. What about roles and responsibilities?

Good.

For comments and business, there should be responsibility for those. They have to be responsible while.

Doing their work.

And they should be accountable.

OK, so they both should be responsible.

Yeah, yeah.

Many NGO's that have been long developing these businesses, they've worked into the same interest as the governments. But they're not. So they have this really kind of safe responsibility and the environment.

Yeah, so often not for profits, especially can fill some gaps that that government can always fill, right. We'll talk about that in Chapter 15 for corporate social responsibility. But businesses, you know, government.

That's.

Are the best, but they they can't do everything right and business plays an important role in filling some of those gaps in terms of social programming and different things like that.

OK. So just basically the relationship, so government works for accessory and looks to sort of advance their well-being. Quality of life and the company sort of does a similar thing for shareholders. Clothing light with profits. Like there's differences, but it's it's a similar comparison.

An interesting that you chose this for because. I think probably next week or the week after we'll be talking reading article about government work word. Just use the term stakeholders in government so these stakeholder is a business where and government has kind of adopted it as a word. The original opinion piece in the Free Press, where they're saying that's a bad thing, I don't necessarily agree, but I'll let you form your. Your own opinions. On that. Yeah. OK, chain of command.

The chain of combining businesses and the government both, sometimes when like from the top to the bottom and making hold on for that and then suddenly it's like the contract situation like if the business runs like 3, they kind of a thing like the bottom level space. We can have a debate about that, but I feel. That many businesses share the same chain of management.

It's very high. Like it is very structured like you have your director, your manager. You know, there is a chain of command to change. Sometimes businesses actually have more flexibility in their structure, how they want to organize themselves in government.

Yeah.

And then what was this been? Voting can be done in business.

But you have it.

OK. Yeah. Yeah. OK.

Good. And then the last one here is Co Prime Minister Board of Directors House of.

Commons.

OK. Great. Yeah. So you're actually going to map it out, right top to bottom? You have the. CEO of the top business minister directors. That's kind. Of their role.

Columbus.

So essentially gets passed.

Implement this plan.

Like before, if they're actually kind of like overarching because they kind of oversee, right, the the structure. So here at the university, we have a Board of Regents and the President is responsible to the Board of Regents, their their boss technically would be like the.

There, that board, so kind of like overseas. Yeah. OK, yeah, so differences.

That's very large onto your purpose, yeah.

So, like government and business, kind of different things like government need motive is to work for the best interest of the whereas the businesses main focusing scheme like business privately on the profit and all that.

What is?

Right. So we talked a little. Bit about that last class, right government. Purpose and we'll talk about that shortly in chapter one. What is that role right under normative approach? It's to promote the public interest businesses again, debatable profit and many more. I like it because I do think that businesses have more of a responsibility than just making progress.

Stress.

Yeah, good, good, good.

OK, government voted in by the public.

So I I I've since maybe changed to my position a little bit after hearing some comments. But basically if if you are the government is voted in by the people and anyone can contribute towards the decisions that are made. But I feel like businesses. Businesses, usually they CEO, might be accountable to the shareholders that buy their way into the position. So not everybody has. The the ability to vote, so that might be their difference.

I do think that being voted in for government. Is a key difference, like the fact that you're waiting for people to represent you in decisions that affect your life. It's a pretty big responsibility that you're giving to someone, right? I'm I'm not doing that for the CEO of like blah blah. Or something that right?

Good one, yeah.

OK, business shareholder pleasure is that is that the same one or is that your?

Yeah, that was.

OK, centralization and decentralization.

Yeah.

Yeah.

The decentralized trains, it's loads and. Like, that's gonna say that.

Things on bigger screens.

The system.

Yeah, I think, yeah, sure. And I think it also connects what you're saying about positioning, having more flexibility to in terms of their structure, right, they can kind of choose how they want to structure themselves, where you know government can departments and things like that. And we still have this, this higher.

That that.

Would be.

OK, Senate is not common in.

Business. No. Yeah. Yeah. So yeah, that's like.

Sorry.

About percentage shortly and they're all and then the.

Last one is 1.

That's what.

Great. Yeah. Sometimes businesses would have like, lawyer or something on the staff, right. Like UW has, like, a lawyer here, general counsel. And they call it doesn't sample. But yeah. Different than like. Yeah.

1.

Other difference I didn't want to mention was in government. When you're thinking about a structure, there are two sides. Normally to a department or like a minister, you have the political side and then you have the nonpartisan public service. So it's a bit of a divide, right? So under one Minister and you started. To to divide it down, you'd have a split right? So the Minister will have a political office. People would take care of their kind of political communications voters, things like that, and and then you also have the public service, which nonpartisan basically means you. You're blanking on the word neutral. So you whether the government change or not, the public service stays the same. So you really shouldn't have strong political affiliation. So myself, I'm a public servant, so I'm a non partisan member of government. So government changes my position doesn't change my my role might change. The priorities might change, but I would still serve whatever government would be impacted.

I don't know at this point is a valid or not, not like it sometimes being made by the government a billion, and it should be approved by the previous House, for example. In other words, like if the businesses like small level management can just make a make. A you know? Like a decision and everybody asks. But in the case of government, it needs to get an approval of the various houses.

This.

Yeah, I think there's more. There's probably more checks and balances potentially in government. It depends on the, on the business and the size of the structure, but. Yeah, not as flexible. Maybe it really depends. If Prime Ministration has a lot of power in government and be able to make changes.

So.

Yeah, I think I think it would depends. So we kind of talked about some of these things already, but just kind of go through it so. Canada is a constitutional monarchy. Does anyone know what that means? Are trying to explain. It to the past. Constitutional monitoring.

So we.

Constitution. And we also have a monarch who's kind of our head of state right there like a figurehead, though they don't actually cash laws. Right. The King Charles, the third he he's there as a representative, but he doesn't actually have formal authority. So that that authority. In terms of passing bills, creating laws and whatnot, we have a Parliament, the judicial system. So we're kind of a culmination. We you're not like the United States where they. Don't have any. Kind of monarch figure. We're a combination of constitution and monarchy. There's also a. Federation. So does anyone know what federation was?

It's a it's a structure in which there is autonomy amongst provinces and regions.

Perfect example because we're Canada. Broken up into a bunch of different pieces, right? We have provinces. Territories will have their own government. So. They have like. A separation of power, but also unified by the federal government. So Canada and the United States are. Both prime examples of a federation. And then 10 is a representative democracy. So I talked about that a little bit already and we vote for people to represent our city, right. So we have our MP. These are LA and we don't actually vote on the issues ourselves, and we'll talk a little bit more about this report, but it would be really difficult for every single citizen to vote on every single issue that the government is. Talking about right. It would almost be impossible. So you you vote for someone to represent you and making those decisions, and you rely on them to hopefully promote your best interests. As we'll talk about. With Norman and approach. That's a, that's a representative democracy. If we had a direct democracy, how would that be different?

You know.

They're from offers me instead of represent. Yes, exactly. So be like something where citizens in Winnipeg, some of you might recall 2018, there was a referendum. So it would be something where citizens actually go and vote directly on a particular issue. So in 2018, we had a government pay on whether or not to open. Order to main pedestrians, that was a referendum. I voted in, you know, it's still being talked about today in some regards, but listen. Had the opportunity to vote. Directly on an issue that affected them so. That would be an example of. OK, so the king is represented by the Governor General and they're. Technically the head. Of state, right? We talked about this kind of figurehead and and does anyone know who Governor General candidate? Quiz. No. OK. Yeah. Her name is Mary Simon. And. She's the 1st. Indigenous woman to be the Governor General. And so like if you have talked about there's three branches of government, same for federal or provincially. You have an executive branch and legislative branch and a judicial branch. The executive branch kind of sets the agenda, sets the stage, what what policy items are important and actually goes and implement those policies.

To you as well.

That's one of. The major jobs of the public service. Is to actually implement policy. And to do that through different programs and services. Let's say a branch or Parliament debates and passes laws and the judicial branch interprets those laws and determines whether actions.

Follow the law.

So the Prime Minister, head of the government and changed responsibilities currently include providing leadership and direction, the government organizing the cabinet. So that's choosing. The different ministers of different portfolios and and if you're interested, you can click here and it will show you. We'll mandate here and I'm not going to do it because my screens are really won't cure, not filtering, but I have linked Dan Danielle ministerial mandate letter. So if you're curious to see you when the ministers mandate would look like it's a letter that comes from the Prime Minister when the Minister comes into office and it kind of outlines what they should be doing in this portfolio, what are their priorities? What are they? What does the Prime Minister want to see happen? And it's interesting to see, you know, what their responsibilities are and what they should be accomplishing during their time in office. And then the last thing is recommending the appointment of individuals to key positions. So for example, a senator, the the Prime Minister, would make recommendations on who should actually be. Appointed to the. Cabinet so ministers oversee government operations and support government decision making cabinet organized into several different committees which have different mandates and members. A little bit about this last class, but the responsibility of law making it shared amongst the federal government and then 10 provincial and three territorial governments. There is one parliament, Carl of Canada, which has three elements, so that's the crown, the Senate and the House of Commons. The Senate is also known as the Upper House of Parliament and people are appointed to those positions. They are not elected and they're able to serve from when they're appointed until. The age of 75. And it's important you don't. No bill can be passed through law unless it is actually. Passed through the center. The House of Commons is commonly also called the lower host, and it is the actual elected component in Parliament. So when I talked about voting for NLA or MP, Parliament or the House of Commons, that's where they go to make decisions on our behalf. Or should they debate laws? You can watch it on TV if you're interested. You're probably have notably got kicked out of the House of Commons the other days for his comments. That is where both you know, all the different governments come together or the representatives and important issues.

That are decided.

And then the last couple of things on the slides of the snowing, the Constitution after Canada, it was three is 1876. The Indian Act was also created in Jackson Year and then we also have the Charter.

So.

Of rights and freedoms in 1982. So this might just kind of break down a little bit what's federal responsibility, what's provincial. I won't go through it all. There's some shared areas of jurisdiction, something like economic development. So when I was working at my former department economic development, we would often try to work with the provinces, economic development agencies to try and. Accomplished. You know, priorities and projects and share funding and things like that together. I think you had a really good relationship with the province. That's not always the case, but.

So.

Yeah, certain things that are separate. Obviously healthcare we talked about last class, provincial education, federal, we'll talk a lot about the banking, currency and banks, Postal Service, things. So we also have a government has central agencies, so there's the Prime Minister's office, the Private Council Office, Department of Finance and the Treasury Board Secretary. And government is also responsible for arms language corporation. So we call these Crown corporation. So there's federal and provincial crown corporations for the federal government, not talk to talk. About Canada code. Does anyone know provincial crown filtration? And yeah, yeah, yeah.

Is Manitoba. Manitoba hydro.

Absolutely, yeah.

Yes. Yeah, very good. Yeah. So two of those notably were in the news recently, right for different strikes and things. Yeah, those are crown corporations. Great. Interior accountability. So basically ministers are required to take responsibility for their mistake. So the minister is that is kind of the head of the department, right? If something goes wrong in that department, the public service should be protected in the sense that their identity shouldn't be made public. It should be the Minister. That is responsible. It actually goes to Parliament and defends or explains the situation is. Not always the. Case, but it is a really important part of our system that the Minister. Is the faith. Of that kind of responsibility, the public service, their job is to provide frank and honest advice. And this ministry has really Shields them from, you know, scrutiny and things like that and trying to be honest and frank with what they're providing to. And last couple things on this slide, so just important. Pieces of information that the government will deliver, kind of as their agenda, their budget so featuring the throne and the federal budget, which Freeland just delivered in April in the news for a lot of different reasons but kind of outlining what their government priorities are going to be and how they're going to spending money. Over the coming years. So the instruments there, the way their solution mechanisms used by government to help them accomplish their goals and their agenda so the government loses things like legislation, financial measures, regulation information and different services. To help them. Accomplish their their politicians if they actually want to.

It talks a little bit about the public service.

But I'll just reiterate, so it is non partisan, meaning they are neutral, they're not affiliated. Their political party, the public service state, stays as they are. They can be restructured and reorganized, but generally they serve whatever government is in power. There's about 300,000 public service. Employee in Canada and it is. Canada's largest employer. And it's roughly about 130 departments and other organizations. So if you are curious, that link will take you to the kind of the top department. I think I mentioned too that I've worked for. Does anyone can anyone name a bedroom apartment? D&D or what's that stand for? Defense. Yeah. National Defense. Yeah. Good job. Anyone else? The Bank of Canada is your ground corporation. But it's definitely affiliated for sure, yeah.

Back.

Immigration and refugee gas affairs. Service Canada, yes.

Sherry Sherry.

And what is that? I will say they love their acronyms. You will learn if you ever go into government like I'm still we have like a cheap cheated acronyms. Yeah, I'll try. You don't notice.

That is Canadian Canada reservation.

I don't realize that I'm doing it. OK. So kind of the last is the some of this government basics section public versus private. So when we talk about the private sector, we're talking about business administration businesses, privately owned goods and services that are administered by businesses. And this is obviously an important difference, right? The public sector we're talking about. Administration first to public goods and services administered. By the government. And then just a couple of definitions, if you're not familiar, we will be talking about public policy and policy analysis. So just a couple of definitions. I'll try to include those in some of the slides as I can. Just just just you kind of as a glossary.

OK.

So any questions before I move on?

OK.

So I'm just going to open it up to the class and you can just shout it out or in your hands. And what are your expectations of government? And what do you and having governments? To actually accomplish those tasks. What do you expect governments to do? For you liberal. I don't know if that's something my. Personal explanation of government, yeah. These tax was wisely, yeah, for sure. Yeah. And how do they how would they do that?

Yeah.

There's a lot. Of different ways. Yeah, we definitely expect them to be accountable, to make good decisions in our path, yeah.

Then also to make sure that they take into account. The the effects of their decisions and what the and what the taxpayers money could have been spent on also.

So we'll talk about in Chapter 2 like opportunity talks, right? If you're making a decision often that means you're choosing something over something else, right? So are you making a wise decision?

Yeah.

Yeah. Yeah. Two big ones. Yeah. Maybe one day they will. I think they're working on it and to at least the provincial roads need to be working hard in healthcare.

You know, corruption and fair politics.

Yeah, very good. Yeah. No scratching repair policies. Yeah. Economic stability, growth, things like that. For sure.

Provided safety Nets. Sort of want to say people aren't communists listening.

Yeah, like a social safety net. Yeah, like social service programs, things like that. Yeah, absolutely.

Like that.

Yeah. Now it's all defendants. Yeah, for sure. Yeah. Control inflation. Yeah. So we'll say we have a lot of expectations of government. Sometimes it's difficult to answer the second part. How to actually do that. Right. And that last one was a good point control invasion. We will talk about that. Eventually, you know how they try to use their monetary policies and things like that. To do that one more.

Yeah, I was just about to say, protect national security and make sure make sure to curtail. Any foreign influence?

Room. So I think actually the most recent budget they talked about higher spending for Arctic security, right, because I guess there could be potentially some. Great. So we're going to jump into chapter one and it kind of starts with two questions. So the first question is what should the role of government? It's a difficult question to answer.

Yes. So.

It classifieds, normative prescription, prescriptive story, or public interest approach as one way to find an answer to this? Question. I'll probably refer to it as normative or public interest, but feel free to use whichever term you like. The extra talks about government policy. Towards business, seeking to promote the. Public interest so. Kind of the way that I think the good it is government should really act in the best interest of the. Citizens, that voters. Right, represent you the best with their abilities and and you know, citizens have a say in what role government is playing through the voting of that government, right or that person. So depending how you want government's role to be, you know notably if you vote with. There more fiscal, fiscally conservative right? You don't want me to go. Spend as much. Maybe you want lower taxes, whereas if you vote NDP, maybe you want lower spending in the area of social services, but. Regardless of how you vote under the normative approach, government should seek to promote the best. Interest of the. Does anyone have any questions about that?

So the best interest of of the majority or the best interest of like when you elect representatives and you see that. The the decisions you wanted to make is not made, but the majority is made. Then how does that work? How? How do minorities get their decisions across or their desires across?

Yeah. So, I mean, I think in terms of this theory, it's it's philosophically the best interest of the public. And so, but you're right, it's not always. The majority or sorry. Most people actually don't vote really like it's a very low now for people that actually are voting for government, right? So then when you look at who's actually voting and whose interests are actually being promoted. I would say it's it's not kind of what discussion is is getting at, but it's a very good point and it's and it's a good. Question to ask. I think this is the public interest, kind of more broadly like it's in the best interest of the public to have danger. Something like that in the best interest. I mean how you go about that and and how the policies and whether? Is meant to get there. That's maybe a little bit. More for a second question, but it's a bigger question. And. So the second question is, what factors explain the actual conduct of government? So if we think that government should promote the public interest, do they always do this? Do they always act in that regard? And that's kind of to your point, they don't always, right. Sometimes they make decisions and you might question. Why would they make? This. This decision how is this helping us? You know, people have a lot of different opinions, but there's some factors that explain the actual conduct of government or why things are the way that they are. So this approach is called the positive approach, the descriptive approach or the pride of interest approach. Because it's it's. Explaining the way that government officials or public sector employees might act. Their own self-interest. So things like voting right, the whole kind of purpose of being elected is to stay in office, right? So. So being elected, using your voters, your public that voted for you. It's a huge part of staying in office. So you might act in certain ways, not always in the best interest of the public, but to please the people that are voting. Same with something like lobbying, right? You have a lot of really powerful businesses coming to you trying. To influence you to. Policies in a certain way, is it always in the best interest of the public to do those things? No. And that governments do it anyways, because again, voting power and things like that.

Wait.

So we are going to focus on the normative approach today and we will talk more in depth about the pride of Christ approach, I think after.

So it would.

Talking about the best, we're promoting the public interest, so we're talking about the reasons why governments actually intervene in society. So we had a completely free market body kind of, you know, Adam Smith's concept that we'll talk about a little bit. Government wouldn't be intervening. They wouldn't be. Having this kind of overarching rule for businesses. That we talked about. Pass. The reasons that governments intervene are normally under four different kind of the goals or objectives, so the first is to create economic efficiency, so make sure that resources are allocated, you know, in the best way possible, essentially, and then the text that they talk about natural resources, right? If we didn't have regulation, environmental policies, natural resource policies and things like that, it is possible that the business environment would consume all those resources and there would be none left for future generations. And so a role of government is to ensure and. Resources are allocated in a way you know intergenerational equity. Is a concept we'll. Talk about that. There's enough for. The people in the future that are. And the second one is macroeconomic stabilization and growth. So we've talked about that a little bit already, but to make sure that we have stable environment to be able to run our businesses in and a government that is prosperous. And that can grow.

The third is.

Fairness. So obviously the government interferes to make the overall size of the economic pie large as possible, and fairness is concerned with how we distribute that. And then so I realize my numbers are right. There is number four other social objectives. So sometimes governments intervenes in areas outside of those. So the textbook talks about in terms of maybe the values of the society. So curbing things like smoking, gambling. Alcohol consumption maybe doesn't kind of they fit in those top three categories, but it's a value of the society and so they implement laws in. Order to achieve those. So basically to sum it up, government seeks to promote the public interest through economic efficiency after economic stabilization and growth, fairness and other social. So just a quick question, I'm terminology, what's the difference between macroeconomics and macro?

Yeah.

For example. But if we take.

Exactly. Yeah. Just important to in this class, we're mostly be talking about macroeconomics, but it's important to understand the difference. Macro is kind of like the big picture. We're talking a lot about federal government. So things like inflation and employment. Micro you can think of as like little picture. So you're just looking at, you know, the analysis maybe single market, not the nature kind of. OK. So the four kind of rules under normative analysis the government gives the example of environmental regulation. So I kind of touched on it a little bit, but the normative normative rationale. So the reason that government would intervene. And environmental policy is based on efficiency, so this making sure that there's enough resources to go around essentially, and that they're not all just consumed. You can also say that in terms of environmental regulation, there's there's enough experience in that as well. So it doesn't always have to be just one or the other, sometimes be a combination for why government is acting in a certain way. So just related to this, this issue of fairness. And especially with regards to environmental policy, we'll be talking about environmental policy in some of the later chapters, but I just wanted to briefly talk about the seven generations principles, so it's important to show me philosophy, which is a indigenous philosophy, and it basically talks about how. The decisions that we made today should result in a sustainable world 7 generations into the future. So whether you're government or whether your business and you're. Being at, you know, should you do a project? Should I cut down those trees right? To maybe build up hotel? Your mindset should be well, how is this going to impact 7 generations?

Into the future.

Is it better to do this now? How will that affect people with time to come so? Just in mind, as we're going forward, it's it's a really interesting way. It's a very helpful way in terms of thinking of sustainability and going forward in our current situation with our era. An so we had an additional reading. Do you need to consult and accommodate? And I posted a link from the federal government as well as the provincial government, and this is just copy and pasted from the federal government article. But, and we're talking about natural resources and things like that, the Government of Canada has an actual duty to consult and where appropriate. Indigenous groups, but it considers conduct that might adversely impact potential for established Aboriginal or treatment. So just as an example, if a business we're going to want to start a mine in northern Manitoba, a lot of the land that, that mining area is traditional indigenous. So there would likely be indigent people living on that land or living in that land. So a business can't just come in. And build the land. They have to get a permit. They have to get licenses, they have to go through a whole process with the provincial government. Who's responsible for that, that area kitchen and and before their government can allow the project to go ahead, they have to see if they need to consult with these indigenous groups. So this is an actual legal obligation. The government is obligated. It's just something that was. Developed through the court. Systems. As you would have read, there was a few decisions free and things like that. That brought this about. And the the way that they can sell it really depends on how much the project might offend. So if it's going to have huge impacts on the community, you might need to. Have like an in person discussion with voting and things like that. It's a smaller. Impact and might be something like a survey, but it's really important to keep in mind whether your business or government that this is something that can potentially help with reconciliation in term. Relationship building. It has been abused in the past by governments. And we'll watch a. Couple of videos shortly that kind of talk. About this, but in the past it was kind of like. A check box so business. Says hey, I wanted this project. Governments like, yeah, Kate, I. Need to consult. You know, they might. Full of consultation when in hunting season where they know the community is not going to be there, no one came. OK, well, you know they. Missed their opportunity and. They go ahead and right, that's not being your partner. That's not being responsible government. So I think the government is trying really hard to rectify that kind of reputation, meaningful consultation.

Forming.

Meaningful relationships with the communities. Yeah, we watch a couple of videos. And we should talk a. Little bit more about it. The technology really touching today.

Sorry, the sun.

One thing that I think is really important about the duty to consult is that it touches every single business line in every single department. In all of those of Canada. So it really.

And.

As a way as an obligation of really impacting everything we've been tasked to set out to do. And and it does find a way that also touches every region and all the indigenous groups, all distinctions. And so really thinking that through we can imagine it's such a powerful tool for reconciliation to have this opportunity to have conversations. And so often we're very warmly. Welcomed into communities to to have this dialogue. And so I think that this. Is a way. You know how. Take on consultation and how we take on delivering the activities that we do in government. It's a really great opportunity for us to to build and renew our relationship. So kind of that is 1 message. I think I'd really like to give, we know that. The duty to consult and our obligations have been evolving a lot over the decades. And and and for a lot of reasons, we have a lot of legal interpretation and we have a lot of legal decisions and and most recently as yesterday and but we also have a lot. Holiday drivers and we have a lot of other intent as well. We we are really here in Canada to rebuild the relationship and and if we can use this as a tool not just because it's kind of a box checking or an obligation, one more obligation that we have to view it as something that this is an opportunity for us to. And understand how how we build relationships in the past. I think that's a that's a good way for us to view it.

OK. And so the second one, invite Kevin laborious and actually instructor here at the UW. The first part on your own.

Bonjour. Hello. Good morning. I'm Kevin ladner. I have the great pleasure of speaking to you today from here at the skirmish Liwat Cultural Center on traditional territory. And I wanted. To talk to you today a little bit about reconciliation. Call to action. 92 invites us to support one another in learning this history and reclaiming this history. What it means to operate a business within Canada. It reminds us of the incredible opportunity to make a living that was given to us through these partnerships and reminds us that the responsibilities. Created by those relationships are codified in our Constitution through section 25 and section 35. Whenever any developments, whenever any business, practice, whenever any resource extraction is going to involve First Nations people, their land or their resources, the duty to consult. Is activated. Now we need to understand that duty to consult doesn't necessarily mean difficulty. It doesn't necessarily mean that there is going to be hardship in front of us in conducting business. In fact, I think as we begin to connect with others who have walked this path, we'll find that call to action. 92 has created. Incredible. Opportunities for us to reimagine business as usual. What it has done for us has allowed us to create partnerships which continue to create and inspire vibrancy across Canada and has allowed indigenous communities to engage with economic development in a way that we have never seen possible in Canada before. I think the call to action is a beautiful opportunity. I know that there are many. Economists and other people who are well educated and have their finger on the pulse of these issues, who have said that there is no economic future in Canada without indigenous people, that our vibrancy as a nation requires us to be in good relationship with one another. And that idea? Of good relationship is at the heart of reconciliation. I need you to understand that when we think about this word reconciliation, there are no losers. The duty to consult doesn't necessitate that somebody lose. That's a 0 sum game mentality. It has no application to these kind of relationships is we're doing reconciliation the right way? Everybody wins. There are opportunities that we might not have even thought about before that are going to become inspiration for future generations. That's the role that the corporate sector can play in reconciliation. And I think we'll find that the organizations, the companies, the businesses that are able to embrace this the most enthusiastically are the ones who are going to see incredible opportunities emerge for them the quickest. One thing we have to. Be aware of is that the duty to consult doesn't necessarily mean that all communities that we engage with are going to be ready to hear our ideas, to be able to be full partners and participating in these programs. It may become an opportunity for us to work with communities to build capacity so that we can be equal partners. What a beautiful act of patriotism. What a beautiful contribution to. Make for our. Agent to ensure that our partners are equal partners to work with one another to help us achieve our potential. One last thing I might say for the purposes of this video about the duty to consult is about indigenous worldviews. We have seen in Canada and it wouldn't be out too hard to point out examples of what can happen when that duty to consult is ignored. When Indigenous peoples world views. And values are ignored. We've seen the protests, we've seen economic development projects that have failed because of a failure to live up to that commitment. We've seen protests, we've seen violence. And one thing that I would invite you to begin to explore is an indigenous worldview as it relates to the living world. In my own Ojibwa culture, we have a phrase in the day at Kay which is kind hearted mother Earth and when we think about Mother Earth we think about. This living world has mother with the same emotional attachment that we have to our human mothers. This place that gives us life and the opportunity to provide for one another the opportunity to provide for our kids. And it's something that is easy to insight of even for me. I'll make a confession that growing up, it was very, very easy for me to get caught up in consumption and luxury items and wanting to have the fanciest and the newest and the shiniest and the brightest. I'll share one example from my own story about how difficult it can be to remember. To engage with this worldview, how difficult it can be to live according to this indigenous worldview? Madeira cake kind hearted mother earth. I grew up away from my birth family. I grew up in care across Canada, many different places, so I think I counted it up by the time I was 18, I had moved 56 times. But I was lucky. No matter where I was growing up, my family, my indigenous family, my father's side of the family would always try to reach out to me. And remind me that I was loved. Very fortunate for that. We're having conversations socially today about toxic masculinity, and I have to confess, although it brings me no pride to you, so that I grew up with that toxic masculine ideology surrounding me. I grew up with men who believe that we solve conflict through violence that had unfortunate attitudes towards women. And so I grew up with this idea of what it meant to be a man, meaning being aggressive, sometimes being violent, internalizing that anger that I felt from growing up in injustice and away from my family. And so I was a very, very angry teenager. And when I was 16, my uncles reached out to the family that I was with and asked if they could take me hunting because they were worried that I was going to forget how to be an Indian. I have to apologize. I know that that's not language we use anymore. I love an age. If I can give this some context. When I was a kid, we were Indians. When we were happy and we were natives, when we were angry and protesting. And they were worried that I was going to forget how to be indigenous. Now, this was very exciting to me because when I thought about what it meant to be an Indian as a young person, I thought it meant to be angry. I thought it meant to be protesting. I thought it meant to be fighting against a world that meant to destroy it. And so I was excited. I thought this was going to be an opportunity for me to prove that I was a man. And so I readily agreed. They picked me up early one morning to Take Me Out. It was November. I remember this because it was deer season. Now I don't know if you've ever spent anytime with indigenous people, but one thing that's often true is that we like to tease. We like to tease. I've heard people talk about the importance of humor for survival. When I got into that truck, they started to tease me and it hurt my feelings. But I wasn't going to let on that it hurt my feelings I had. An ego so big it could barely fit that. Got. And so I just went stoic and we got to where we were going. And when we got out of the truck, they gave me a rifle. It was a 30I6. If anyone knows, hunting, which is ridiculous because as a skinny teenager, that life would have knocked me off my feet if I had pulled the trigger. But I was excited and they taught me the basics of looking down the barrel about. How to shoot? They taught me the basics. Of watching my. Feet. When I stepped on twigs and. Dead leaves and talked about never pointing a rifle at another human being about the direction of the wind, and they sent me off and my heart was pounding with excitement, carrying a rifle. Now I don't know if you've ever been hunting, but the defining characteristic of hunting is not excitement. In fact, it's boredom. In fact, by the end of the morning, all. That I had. Done was gotten cold and the excitement had worn off. The enthusiasm had worn off and I was leaning against the tree and I was just starting to get resentful that I had to wake up so early. I recall that I was leaning trying to warm my hands with my breath and out of the distance where I recognized now was probably about 200 yards. I saw a little flicker of movement and I focused my attention and sure enough. There was a deer. And I my heart started to pound again, very slowly. I swung the rifle from my shoulder and lifted up so that the stock was against my shoulder, and I looked down the barrel through the scope with this animal. And all of a sudden, this animal that was barely a blur in the dying leaves of late fall so small out in the distance through the magnification, was so close, and I had never seen it here this close before. And I was absolutely taken by how beautiful this creature was. I couldn't believe it. I couldn't believe how strong she looked under her hide, her muscles from living. In the living world. I couldn't believe how brown her eyes were and how they glistened in the life of the moisture. I could see the steam coming from her nose and the twitch of her ear as she was listening to the world around her, and as I was looking at this incredibly breathtakingly beautiful creature, it's all on me that I was meant. To kill her. And so I started the process that I was taught. I was taught to pull the trigger. On the exhale I took in that deep breath, and I started to exhale, looking at her through the scope, aiming that rifle for the body mass behind the front leg, which is where the heart was for humane and could kill. And I started that exhale looking for that fraction of the second in between heartbeats. And I got all the way through that breath. And I hadn't pulled the trigger. And I started to get scared. I was scared. That my uncles would see what was going on and know that I wasn't a real man, they would know that I had failed to be a real indigenous person. And so I started the process again. I took in that breath and as I got through that breath a second time. I began to get angry because I realized that I did not want to pull that trigger. Nothing inside of me wanted to hurt that animal. I just wanted to look at her and appreciate how beautiful she was. I was angry at my uncles for putting me in that position and at the same time, I was angry at myself. For being so weak. Here I was meant to prove myself that I was failing, and I decided in that moment of shame that no matter what I was going to pull the trigger. In this moment I lined up the shot again, and I took in the breath and I began the exhale, and sure enough, I heard that. Thunder clap of a rifle. Shot was so loud in the woods. And I looked around and I saw that animal's body rock from the energy round. And I wasn't able to pull the trigger. It was my uncle. He had seen her from a different angle.

So.

And after taking the shot, he called to all of my uncles and me, and we began to run towards this animal. And as I ran. To where she was. Just beginning to fall and started to cry. And as I approached her, I started to cry uncontrollably. I got down on my knees and I put.

Where?

My hand on her. And I remember the desperate feeling of sadness knowing that this animal was about to die and there. Was nothing I could do about it. The finality of it. The tragedy that this animal had to die. And it dawned on me years later. Not then, but years later. That for all. The teasing that went on that morning, nobody laughed at me for crying at them about that animal. As my uncles came to her, got down on their knees and took tobacco and began to sing to her. No one may find. And it dawned on me years later that it was that indigenous person that they were worried that I was going to forget how to be.

Yeah.

They were worried that I was going to forget to have so much love for the living world that if any creature had to give its life for me to eat, that I would fail to show.

Sure.

Due respect. That I might forget about that sacred obligation.

Space want to. Talk about something briefly that you mentioned in the video. So talking about call to action 9:00 and 2:00 and we were talking about calls to action. We're talking about the truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada and their calls to. Action. So we. We'll talk about this more in our final thoughts and I just wanted to kind of expose it to you now, if you haven't seen it before, call to action that you need to is a call specifically to the business community. So anyone that is going into business, this is a call to action that was created and there's three major parts to it. So I won't read through it all.

No.

Canvas slide, but we're. With the duty to consult on that. First one is really important so. It's a commitment to meaningful consultation, consultation. Not just doing. It because you have to again like it's a box to check because it's important. It's important to talk to people who are going to be affected by decisions. That are being made. Right. It's important to talk to people. About that land. About the place that you're thinking about developing your project. And it can affect them in a lot of different ways in terms of pollution and things like that. There's a lot of stories. We'll talk about some in this course that have been really negatively impacted with the communities that work properly principle.

So.

I'll just also mention the painting of the create prior and informed consent is really important. Before proceeding with economic development. 15 will pause there for a long time. We have an activity at next, so why don't we come back at 7:30 and then we'll start with an activity.

Here.

My horse and hanging. I like rolled my ankle. My foot is full on the game. It's like 3 times and it just like wasn't good. And then I like didn't.

There.

And then the next day like this could hurt. And then one day off and add another game I was like, oh, my angel's fine. I'll play again. And now it's like when I walk at those little bars.

Listen.

Santi, it's Santi going. But I'm going to steal your wallet. When you're done. Watch it.

Tried to trust you?

Nope.

I've been talking to that kind of ages. You still talk? No, you don't.

Sidra.

Like. We have to drive home after this.

I don't know.

Yep.

Kind of wire.

So.

I don't even know what it is though, like I don't know what you're doing. It looks like you know like. You're gonna play soccer or even just like on a field. You know, like there's, like, orange cones with the holes in it. It just looks like that, but.

Like maybe there's a?

I guess maybe you mix stuff for me, I don't know. I just portrayed. That, as he's giving medicine something, what else you put in the soup and they got this thing that looks like. I'd say what else you crush series. Yeah. You can crush it. Meeting at. Oh, I got. Like I got like 4 a quarter of my project. I'm trying to just because I know like I know that the 22nd. So well and it's so easy, it's just like. I just want to get it done cause then I don't know if this is also gonna. Like pick up. A. Little bit and then I don't know when like we're gonna have to start. Working on. No, I just copied them in my note.

No.

I'm pretty sure, yeah, I think that you said, I'm pretty sure most of the stuff is just from her nose. So essentially it's like maybe just go through the to her nose and then just if it's like bold points out just on it. Yeah, just give over the textbook and find the parts that you're talking about. And then just like elaborate on that stuff and.

Oh.

Here.

That's what I mean. It's like, finished.

That's where it's all like yellow.

Food for parking on young I'm pretty sure anywhere that sounds like I think it's on the other side of Alex.

Events.

All those places that have a parking lot, so like 2 hours or whatever. Yeah. Yeah, it's it's free. It's no, it's free. It's free.

So.

Yeah. I was. I went a little park there today and then in full, but it was just just people were dropping people off the whole. So I went around and then I went and parked in the area where there was like you have to pay for the parking. And then it's like it's actually like. Let's roll back. They'll come back around and. I'm sure not. Like the parking spot opened back up again. So it's like money.

Lower this I would see.

Well, you can lower it, but if you survive enough to see if you survive enough to survive.

I just want to go. Home.

Are you sure about it?

Which friend I have on my body.

Right, it's it's called. It's called. What are they called? Like the. Hide or the strength.

Yeah. I believe that it's.

Finance.

We have to.

Call.

Definitely.

No, she is because she says she's going through check with one and two plus. There's the extra thing. So. Every file that's like active for or exactly.

Number one.

30.

OK.

I'm gonna. I had ball hockey till like 11:00 last night too. So but. Like like 6-5 and six. No. Yeah, because by the time I got home, made my lunch. It would end up better. It's like 12 so. You see used to this. Are you still like? Well, I guess last summer. It's just so we get out. Once you just get in the spring of it, it's like honestly sleep, it's. Just the death. You don't even need it. If you get like 6 hours and you get more than six like I'm tired from sleeping too. Much. When we're in the other semester, though, I'd never be here. Really solid, like obviously seem to like. 9:00 everyday. Yeah, same for me because I was.

Every day my yeah.

Yeah. So I was like, yeah, I. Get to, you know, wake up like. I guess I did go to the gym before. How's work going for you? It's just some training for lot. Yeah. Like that you're sending me like videos. Videos, but you're sending like snaps of him, like at home. He's watching videos and he's like this guy saves me. Again, I'm worried. Because he's yeah, he said. He did a bunch of **** and just like, I guess either didn't understand or like, hard to understand and she's just searching just to get videos off and watching them videos. Every single person was like, yeah, it's like like the start is horrible, yeah. I know they started. But I think Craig and Ross is just so small that they don't have other than those delicate. So man, it's probably. What I was going to.

Yeah.

What happened today? I did not have access to anything that was so.

That's not why you.

Started yesterday. Yes, that's why I started late. They didn't have my access is ready. Right. So then. Yesterday, no. I didn't have most of my accesses, but I still. Had. Some. So I was still doing some stuff, but I didn't have access to like some of like the courses. And then my e-mail ID that well, today I don't know if there were 50 stuff, I lost my teams thing. I lost. I didn't have my ear. I lost everything. The Wi-Fi wasn't even working for my computer. I've lost everything. So I sat there twittering. Comes like, hey, we like what you guys want me to do. So I just shattered someone for like, I guess there's like an hour. And 1/2 and. Then I wasted so much. So because then finally I got my e-mail right. So I restarted everything. Whatever stuff like slowly moving and then I had to get like a certain program I needed access to it while I create my account. Well, now I'm not getting sent an e-mail from them and then I'm like, what's wrong? Well, I find out after dealing with it after going through multiple like people cause it's gotta go through multiple stages for homes gets all. I find out that you can't. I can't get external emails. The first day. I can only get internal, so then I. Sat there like. I wasted so much time and I was like like like I've done. I've still done something like a bunch. Of training and. Reading but it's like. I was like this is it was so good. Like today it was an ad for the first so quickly. I spent most of the days just reading about Paris air terrorists 337.

Well.

No, it's not. I think when I have, when I'm fully trained, I'm probably going to. Go in at 6:33.

OK.

I love doing that though, because it's just so quiet in the morning.

And then we slowly.

Well, that's what I mean. And then it's like by the time I'm done, it's like the plan would probably be to hopefully be able to like with you. Yeah, I know, but. The planning to be home maybe just like be able to have enough time, like even like once this summer probably move over 45. I guess yeah, that too.

Yes.

Boy, when it's like Summerville rifle. This class will be over.

And so we'll get started. So if you just want to get into your roots, we're gonna do an exit survey on the comedy. So two questions. Find an example of this situation, whereas if you.

Now.

And felt was activated and what was the? And then the third question is. An accommodation meaning did the government?

Yes.

In Communities 2 person project run not live or like we'll do 15 minutes so 7:45 and then we'll come back with the class and discount that.

Ohh. So what do we think? Well, I guess I guess as you say, I guess Google is going to have to help us on this one.

Google.

The courts found.

That the compensation project was not adequate resolution.

Happening.

Yeah, another good. These are very different situations, right? If you don't consult properly like I think Kevin talked about this and you can have your project results. So really important for businesses and and government. Obviously if you want your fraud. And go forward. And if there's a way like some examples, you need to have. Consultation or? It might. It might not happen. Sometimes it's for the best too. OK. Thank you.

So.

International Airport. So I feel like it.

Was located on Highland and.

Was a long time ago.

Have been placed and since.

They have like for example.

You will see. These guys and boys and games, and they've also located some specific findings, new shops and. Where we probably can. The land.

OK, so like Sherry and Sherry and this each word.

Because that's their place then, like.

Class and was that was one.

Of the things that.

Great.

And also they have for.

Some reason I guess in the data itself that we can then go with in the mean. Time.

And it's done and.

Know about more about the land over there.

I'm wondering if there's any kind. Of compensation, did you read about? Sometimes that's what will happen is, yeah.

Yeah, yeah.

Yeah, we are basically didn't find our promo for. A specific case. Locally or in the province with the. Looking at the. No, we went over the higher. Nation. And did you say? Something to be to ask for some plans. Over 100 years they've been payments in unused 61. Apparently the government local governments granted a solution or a permit to a business to do farming.

And.

Basically cutting trees. And over the years, this nation basically was claiming. The right to request assistance. Then. To finish with that, were they basically, it took years for the decision to be made, and apparently there was no legal ground for. To be accommodated.

Think. We.

Read by the translation.

But.

The local government and. And it was only they found only moral reason to accommodate yield. My decision.

Yeah.

With this issue. Didn't release the whole story, but this is a case where I see there. I mean. The consultation was made but the the outcome. It's it's rather a moral thing to a. Moral thing, not elite. Thing, and that's something that I know.

Hmm.

So they didn't in the end, give them the rights to the land. Is that correct? I know the court case, but I don't remember the time out.

No, I.

Dismiss them, and then the reverse of this. But then ultimately that was dismissed as it was.

OK.

It was something more on that.

Yeah. Interesting. So this case it was you read the the second reading. It was one of the court cases that about how the duties consult actually came to be, it wasn't like.

A bill that.

Was passed in Parliament or something and actually came. Up through the court system. Case after case was coming in where the judicial system found there was a legal duty to consult, and it's very different than other kind of laws and legal obligations that we might see. So. Yeah, even if it wasn't. You know, beneficial to the community, something in a way came out of it and that it came towards this. It's now legal obligation.

So good example. Yeah. So we're talking about. The the cost of gasoline that goes through.

And the confirmation please. And again agree that it's not.

A good idea?

Listen.

And now the link is made. Complete. It's mechanically complete, but. We have not started working on it yet.

Interesting. Was there any protests? Or anything about them that, yeah.

They were producing their son and it seems that they were peaceful, but other sources confirmed.

And did you find anything about whether, you know, they went ahead and built it was the community compensated in any way? Did you find anything? On that or. Culminated in some.

Cannot find the combination.

Yeah.

OK.

Yeah, I'm just curious because of something like that, like that large of a project going ahead of the community saying no, yeah, I would think that. There should I. Mean there should be. Probably what they'll do is they'll provide compensation. So a lot of you know, I'll talk about it again in. Last past the James Bay Agreement in Quebec, that project went ahead and destroyed a bunch of land and this land. But the people were. Compensated. So I mean it's not an ideal situation, but there was at least an outcome of I got here, one of the indigenous people involved in that. Speak and he said, you know. There are a lot of positive economic outcomes that came from that with the destruction of the environment. So we will talk about the course. There's sometimes a scale, right? If you have economic development, sometimes you have. Environmental degradation and how do you balance those things so? Next, I don't know who is.

I can go here. Yes. So. And we found that in 2018, the Federal Court of Appeal ruled that the Canadian government had failed its duty to consult with indigenous peoples regarding the Trans Mountain pipeline and. From the other. So several first mentioned groups in Richmond Field were involved in this case. They argue that the government had not adequately consulted with them with the with the potential environmental and cultural impacts of this pipeline. The court ruled that the government ultimately had failed. You need to consult and. As a result various matters addressing the concerns and that of accommodation and accommodating their interests are implemented.

Thank you. We saw how many years you have one here. OK, we'll go.

In the back.

Want to find a situation in that was between the government of that territory? I was given by government, but the First Nation said that they did. They want a consultant, so they took them to court. They had they wish to the trial to appeal until Supreme Court, where the judge did not accommodate them because they ruled that they had the return government had called procedure and consulting other treaties first before.

The outcome was that the.

They were not.

Accumulating there so they followed the procedure. Yeah, OK trusting.

They consulted them before giving the land.

Yukons are very interesting because there's I think there's fourteen First Nations and 11:00. I think that the 14 actually have self government agreements, but also all have landing agreements just asking them. So I don't know when that would be and like that but yeah.

1004.

I left her.

So we.

And what we.

Understand is that the company or the number one build the winter Rd. that was starting understated. They want to consult too.

9.

Much with their First Nations. People because it was like, well, my talk. With you too much. Put them in the indigenous people. Express how they really business, where we don't have. So they ultimately decided to not. Build the road there and build border on the. So.

You have to.

To accommodate them, essentially.

Into Amsterdam. So they're like avoiding in a sense. Their obligation. Yeah, that's interesting. I have another question. I lost it, but yes, thank you. OK, everybody, we're almost done chapter one. So just a couple more slides here. I'm not going to, we kind of talked about the positive, but we'll talk about in a later chapter. Just supporting, keep in mind that it focuses on kind of the objectives and these behaviors, the interactions of individuals and groups who influence policy decisions so. People who can. Influence public policy, obviously, if you do that through voting. And special interest groups lobbyists. Public sector employees can influence policy and so pen policy events need it there. For now, and we'll come back to it.

So this is.

Kind of an introduction to the major policy areas that we'll be talking about in the textbook. So the way the textbook is divided, chapters one to six are kind of like laying the foundation for the economic concepts, the theory and things that we need to talk about in later chapters after seven is is a regional overview. So we'll talk about the different regions in Canada. Basic statistics and things like that, and then the conversation moves forwards to actual policy areas where we talked about things like trade, environment, competition regulation, innovation and macroeconomic. For chapter one, we'll go on to Chapter 2. And so again, we're laying the foundation here. So chapter 2 focus on four really important concepts.

And we're talking about.

Government business relations and just economics in general. So we have them here, so opportunity cost. Marginalism economic incentives and economic deficiencies. Are these familiar topics for people, or are they not head? Yes. Yeah. OK, OK. We'll kind of maybe go through them, maybe give some examples, but we kind of talked about my earlier opportunity cost, so it's defined. As any activity. Defined as the value of the. Best foregone alternative so. Think about when you're here tonight, right. What is the opportunity cost of? So everyone's here. There is an opportunity cost for you personally. If I had to thinking about mine. You know, what would I do if I wasn't here? The best thing that I could do if I wasn't here. Maybe something my free time. Right. Like the opportunity cost is giving like free time. For here, so yours might be. Similar, maybe you had like. A birthday you wanted to. Go to maybe. There's a concert, something that was really important to you, but there's a reason why you. Chose to be very confused my eye. There I enjoy teaching. I like talking about. These things, you know, there's a. Lot of different reasons why you make the choices that you make and. In terms of being in class, I think a lot of people. Like the experts talked about. You want to get a degree. People have some. Maybe you're upgrading, maybe you're doing it for interest. Right? And and people said maybe in the long term. It will make. Your life better in some way, right? So you choose to be here instead of doing something else. So in terms of governments. And businesses and we think about the budget as like a circle, right? It's finite. And the way you break up that budget, you don't have anymore, you can't grow it. I mean, you can in some cases, but in this case, let's just say you can't, right. You've a limited budget. You have to work with what you have. And let's say you have two projects that come up. One project is going. To take the full full circle the full. Pie. Right. So where are you giving up in? Order to fund that one. Project. There might be a case where you have.

5 little projects.

Right that you could instead of. Just one big project. But this one big project has all these big impacts, lots of jobs, lots of training, and it's gonna, you know, these little projects make you helping smaller training trees, remote communities, smaller businesses, things like that. The impacts don't look as large when you're looking at indicators, but the impact that you felt more largely sometimes. People need to get a handout right to get started before they can get to this. This higher level per say. So government has to make these kind of decisions all the time in terms of budget and same with businesses. What are we going to fund or we're. Not going to. Fund why are we going to do that? Testing government, people might ask. You know, why did you not like on this and not this? You have to have reasonings. You have to be able to initiate the reasons that you're doing these things so. Kind of a long endurance for opportunity cost, but yeah, also in the Third Point, which is it reminds us that expenditures on any project leave leave us with fewer resources for altering, right. So if you pick the line, you might be forgoing something else and the book talks about an interesting dilemma. Opportunity cost. So I mean you hear this all the time, people want better health care, better role as we talked about that earlier, right? But they don't want to pay higher taxes, right? And so a budget is limited, right? You can grow government budget primarily by raising taxes which. Most people don't want to do right, so the government is limited if. What they have? How are they going to break up that budget in Manitoba right now? Half of the budget goes to. So soon as you start spending more and more and more on healthcare, that economic high, there remain very getting smaller and smaller smaller for things like education infrastructure. You know all the different social programs. That we have so. If you want higher expenditures in one area, what are you willing to give up in order to get that? So that's what this opportunity. Still. Just a couple definitions here, and if you need that marginal benefit and marginal opportunity cost, they talk about that coming up. So they're just here for. You. And if you need them.

Yeah. So we.

Go to the second concept, Marshall. Is it so? This is a theory that asserts individuals make decisions on the purpose of an additional unit of a good or.

Service.

Based on the additional happiness benefit that they will receive from it. So. How happy are you there received one more. So the margins preschool stage, any policy or activity should be carried out as long as the marginal benefit we have that definitions here later. Can you then use the marginal opportun. So when I think about this, there's a lot of different ways you don't need to know a graph by any like just so you know there won't be any tests on graphs, but just to kind of explain the example. If we're talking, you can think about like your favorite. It could be like alcoholic beverages or something. And it's going up like. This OK, so maybe this is 1.

This is too.

Right. And going up and up and up. Your second line is going to be your happiness level. OK, so if this is your favorite food chain, hamburgers 1 hamburger, super hot, two hamburgers. Feeling great. Three hamburgers. You might start to not feel.

OK.

Right. Could be the. Same with alcoholic beverages. Maybe after three, you're. Like, huh? I don't know if I should keep going. And and you'll start to either flat. So and eventually you will start to drop. So marginalism, what we're trying to find is this. Like sweet spot. Where your happiness from something. And the amount of something coincide. So when we're thinking about like a government project or business project, the textbook gives an example. I think it's a, a community where they're building infrastructure and and also they have Parkland. So just do like a page. Where this is your land for this project and and you could. To one side, all parts. On one side, infrastructure. Buildings. And so marginalism. Let's say you add a little bit more infrastructure. OK, one more thing.

OK.

Probably still going to be OK and there's still a lot of Parkland. It's important to communities right to have parks, especially with families and things like that. We had another, you know, you had another few, you had another few. OK what if we added so many that we only had this much Parkland left? Right. There's a certain point where adding more buildings. Even though it might make you. Money might not know that there is money, right, because this is probably a big drop in all of this. Land is through the states, so the government has to decide at what point you know. And this too is about balancing environment and and economic development. At what point do you stop the economic development? And leave group for the park or vice versa, right? So. Any questions? Smarter than adding just one more, add something. And what the outcome of adding on more? OK. So in terms of Mars, Melissa, they talked the paradox of value in the textbook and this is a really interesting argument. Why is water, which is so valuable, right? You cannot live without it? Very cheap, right? In Canada, especially if you can buy a bottle? Of water, things like a dollar. By auto. And then something like a diamond, which doesn't really contribute very much to the world, right? It looks pretty. People are happy when they get it, but it's not going to sustain your life. Why is it so expensive? So we're just going to show a short video that I think explains this concept as well.

Austrian economics. One of the most important contributions of Karl Mayer, the founder of the Austrians, was the development of what's known as marginal. Megger, along with other economists working independently around Europe, solved a long standing puzzle in economics. The water diamond paragraphs. Why is water so inexpensive when it's necessary for life? Diamonds, which have limited practical usefulness, are incredibly expensive prior to marginal.

Well. Thinking.

Economists couldn't answer this question. Economists treated all decisions as if they are all or nothing, meaning that. They either have lighter or tighter. But such an approach can't. Explain the low price of water and high crunching. What Peter and others realize is that people don't make decisions based on an all or nothing basis. Instead, we decide to have a little bit more or a little bit less or something based on what we value more at the time. In other words, we make judgments about what we value in terms of purchasing one more unit of a good or service, and so.

No.

Thanks at the.

And.

Margin but marginal thinking also explains how the value people place on a good or service. The more abundant something is like water, which is very abundant, the less it's perceived value compared to goods like diamonds, which are quite scarce and therefore much much higher prices. But now imagine you're hiking. In the desert. And you run out of. Suddenly, the normally abundant water is now incredibly scarce, and it's value to you as you become more thirsty in a hot desert. Probably now it's white paper diamonds. This marginal way of thinking not only solve the water diamond paradox, but explain how people actually make decisions in their lives. The development of marginal analysis revolutionized economics and continues to influence.

The way you.

Think about the world today. For more information on Austrian economics, visit essential Austrian dot. Org and to learn. About more essential scholars visit essential.

What?

OK.

So just to to kind of reiterate, it's like how much do you value right here?

A little bit more.

Versus a little bit more land, right? So right now land is fairly abundant in Canada, right? We're not building on top of one another like in some places, but it's land. We would value. This so much more than we would. More of this. Right. So that's kind of like what? This paradox is talking about. And we're going to #3 economic incentives. We talked a little bit about incentives in our first class, but the basic idea of an incentive effect is simple. So in considering the effect of any public policy, we should expect people to follow their economic incentives. If you provide. An incentive you expect people to kind of take you up on it, right? If you put an item on sale, you. Purpose. Right. That's an economic expense of a sale price, a decrease in price that could be something like a tax credit, a tax credit, cash tax, different things like that. And. There are sometimes where I guess people wouldn't fall economic incentives, but the the theory behind this is that if a government we talked about last time, I think business going green, right? If they're going to subsidize the technology, they would hope that businesses would go greener because they don't have to pay. As much for it. It might save the money in the long run, right? They're incentivizing them to try to make certain choices, and that's the way the government actually influences business, right? The incentives that they provide to businesses, they assume businesses will take them up on based on this site. And so we're gonna store video and it's on the law of unintended consequences.

Play School of Economics. Many people assume that regulations designed to achieve a specific result say increased safety will actually achieve that intended outcome. The economist Sam Peltzman, a key member of the UCLA School of Economics, felt that because human behavior is so complex, regulators cannot anticipate all the consequences of their regulations, and therefore regulations may not achieve their intended results. They may. If she leaves that opposite, let's explore this idea using the example of safety regulations for cars from Peltzman's own research. In the mid to late 1960s, the United States federal government wanted to reduce traffic fatalities and serious injuries from car accidents, so the government mandated a number of safety features, including seatbelts for all elements they had dashboards, dual braking systems, and energy absorbing steering columns. But following the introduction of the new safety regulations, traffic fatalities didn't fall. What Councilman discovered was that after these regulations were introduced, deaths of people in cars fell, the deaths of pedestrians and motorcycle drivers actually increased. That's because the new safety regulations made accidents less dangerous to drivers, and so the result was that drivers drove more intensely. For example, they drove faster and followed. More closely behind cars. In front of. Them, which reduced safety for bloodstreams and motorcycles, and so the regulations that increase the safety of drivers have the unintended consequence of increasing traffic deaths for pedestrians and motorcycles. Helps Man's idea that making things safer causes people to take more risks. Has become so well known that many economists now refer to this kind of offsetting behavior as the peltzman effect. It should provide caution to bureaucrats and politicians who believe that problems can be easily solved by imposing regulations. For more information on UCLA economics, visit essentialuclaeconomics.org and to learn about more essential scholars, visit essentialscholars.org.

So obviously a pretty serious example, but I think it really demonstrates what the law on the unintended consequences mean. So sometimes government might think that they're providing, you know, incentives for people to act a certain way and it it kind of backfired. Right. There's things they don't foresee when they implement the policy or or there's a regulation on something like in this example here, right, so. When you're doing. A policy analysis, and it's really good to have any diverse opinions, a diverse group looking at things like this so that you can try and cover all of. Your. Bases. But we all are human and there are things that you can't see and this is what this blog post about. So you might not always get it right. Every time, and unfortunately in certain situations that can have fatal repercussions. So we'll come back to the law and any consequences. A bit later, but we'll go on to #4, so economic efficiency.

So I just.

Put a link here to the Fredo effect on Investopedia. Because if you did, it would be super helpful for students. I think it really explains concepts easily. If you haven't heard of it, it goes into quite a lot of detail too. There's videos and things like that, so if there's a topic that you're not quite getting, feel free to reach out to me or this is a good. Resource for you as well. So I'm going to pull it up, but it's there for you if you want it, and so far no efficiency. So this means that resources are allocated in such a way that it is impossible to make anyone better off without making someone worse. So everything's right. We're talking about with this pie. It's allocated. No one can be made or not worse off is allocated so perfectly right. Not one person's life can be improved without someone. Like becoming worse. And her textbook says that, you know, this is like a a goal. It's a lofty goal. Does it often occur in real life? It's very difficult to do. And. And so we sometimes get thread out inefficiency, so meaning that there is the potential to improve someone's life, and we actually should be doing that and putting resources towards it and not doing so is waste. And the textbook also talks about potential thereto improvement. Again, not very common, but still possible under some circumstances where it is. The winners can gain enough to be able to fully compensate the losers and still be better off so. I think of some. Of the examples in the duty to consult where. They're compensated, but. You know, it's still not. Field meetings and you'll catch a perfect example for this, but that's kind of what comes to mind. When I think about this. You know a better example would be I. Think what this? One that this group talked about your. Example of how both parties kind of win right? Both parties can bend.

It's from.

I think that would be a. Better example of like an improvement. And so here's the last point. A basic dilemma policy is that prevents inefficiencies, are often damaging for fairness or equity objectives. So we'll talk about this. That were in other chapters, but there is an efficiency equity kind of trade-offs, right? You sometimes you can't have one without sacrificing a little bit of the other. Or vice versa and. And policies that are intended to promote fairness or equity are often seen as insufficient, so again, we will talk about this more, but just an example, transfer payments. So we talked about utilization payments between the provinces. I don't know if you know about that, but. Basically, provinces that are more well off in Canada, there's a transfer that goes to through the federal group. Two provinces that are are not as well. So Alberta is a well off. Providence. Isabella Province Manitoba is the non province. And and money has kind of shifted around. And so this policy, this this is supposed to promote fairness, right? Kind of spreading the wealth concentrated in certain areas because we are one country, but it is generally seen as inefficient. And there's different reasons for that, but. Think about all the resources that. Go into making that transfer. Human resources financial resources would be more efficient economically, seeking to actually keep those resources in the province, but less fair. So that's just a bit of. An example. How's everyone feeling? I have an activity, but I could. Save it till.

Well.

Yeah. OK, we'll do that. So nice pass. We'll do it. I will just shake quickly. Next class, doctor, screen for I will take request. Thank you very much.

Watch.

Yeah.