APHG UNit 4

Choke Points - Geographic features on land or sea that is much narrower than the overall landscape and causes decreased combat power militarily; as such, these are strategic targets for terrorism or colonial control.

Shatterbelt - A region whose internal geographical, cultural, religious, and political fragmentation is compounded by pressures from external powers attracted to the region’s strategic location and/or economic resources.

Nation-State - A state whose borders coincide with the current distribution of the nationals of that state.

Nation - A group of people who share a common ethnic background (history, language, culture, hearth), and who seek or hold political self-determination.

Demilitarized Zones - An area in which treaties or agreements between powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel.

Devolution - The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and political autonomy at the expense of the central government.

Self-Determination - The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own governmental system.

Multistate Nation - A group of nationals who are living within two separate states.

Multinational State - A country whose people derive from many different national backgrounds.

Stateless Nation - An ethnic group that is potentially dispersed between multiple states and that does not have a state of their own.

Economies of Scale - Cost advantages that businesses and enterprises obtain through the scale of the operation, typically with per cost unit decreasing with an increasing scale.

Ethnic Cleansing - The attempt to create an ethnically homogeneous geographic area through expulsion, imprisonment, or killing of an ethnic minority.

Genocide - (Not explicitly found in the document. Please confirm if you need a definition from another source.)

Federal States - Governing systems that operate with a division of power that is shared among various levels of governance. (For example: state and federal levels).

Unitary State - A country whose governing power is rested in a central body.

Neocolonialism - A more modern form of colonization that refers to the control that MDCs exert over global affairs economically and culturally through multinational corporations.

Irredentism - A policy of attempting to establish cultural cohesion and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of nationals living in a neighboring country.

Redistricting - The redrawing of electoral districts that coincides with the census so that equal representation exists in the House of Representatives.

Supranationalism - Political, economic, cultural, or military cooperation among multiple states to promote shared objectives through the ceding of some authority to a higher power.

Territoriality - Attitudes and behavior held by a person or group that is based on perceived, attempted, or actual control of a physical space, object, or idea, which may involve habitual occupation, defense, personalization, and marking of the territory.

Voting Districts - A territorial subdivision for electing members of the legislative body (also called electoral districts).

Antecedent Boundary - A boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area.

Autonomous Regions - A region that exists within another larger entity and has the power to govern itself. Typically, these regions are geographically distinct from the larger entity (Greenland and Denmark) or is populated by the state's ethnic minority.

Exclusive Economic Zones - Coastal waters extending no more than 200 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline and adjacent to 12 nautical mile territorial sea of a country within which the country claims exclusive rights for fishing, drilling, and other economic activities.

Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism) - The right of a group of people who considered themselves separate and distinct from others to determine for themselves the state in which they will live and the form of government it will have.

Gerrymandering - The reapportionment of political boundaries that benefit or favor one political party or class over another.

Imperialism - The practice of domination of one people over another through various forms like settlement, sovereignty, or indirect mechanisms of control.