structure of the neuron, 4 main parts Mirror neurons Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Structure of the Neuron

1. Cell Body (Soma)

• Contains the nucleus and other organelles.
• Integrates signals received from dendrites.

1. Dendrites

• Branch-like extensions that receive signals from other neurons.
• Have receptors to detect neurotransmitters.

1. Axon

• Long, slender projection that transmits signals away from the cell body.
• May be covered by a myelin sheath (formed by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes) to increase the speed of signal transmission.

1. Axon Terminals (Terminal Buttons)

• Located at the end of the axon.
• Release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons or target cells (e.g., muscle cells, glands).

Mirror Neurons

• Neurons that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe the same action performed by another.
• Believed to play a role in understanding the actions and intentions of others, empathy, and learning through imitation.
• Found in areas of the brain associated with motor control, such as the premotor cortex and the parietal cortex.

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

• Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the "fight or flight" response.
• Prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, increasing respiration rate, and diverting blood flow to muscles.
• Uses norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as its primary neurotransmitter.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

• Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the "rest and digest" functions.
• Conserves energy by slowing heart rate, increasing intestinal and gland activity, and relaxing sphincter muscles.
• Uses acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter.