2.1

• Physical factors: climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water and natural resources

• Human factors: economic, cultural, historical and political aspects

• Arithmetic density: show how densely populated a place is: total pop/total amount of land - assumes everyone is spread out evenly across area

• Physiological density: pressure that a population exerts on the environment to feed the population - total pop/total amount of arable land

• Agricultural density: level of efficiency of ag. Production in an area and the degree of reliance on human labor vs technology - amount of farmers/total amount of arable land (high number = more labor)

2.2

• Urban sprawl: unrestricted growth and expansion of an urban or suburban area into the surrounding countryside

• Carrying capacity: amount of people that can be supported by the environment without damaging it

2.3

• Demographic characteristics: age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, income

• Age categories of population pyramid: pre-reproductive years (0-14), reproductive years (15-44), post-reproductive years (45+)

• Sex ratio: (male births in society/female births in society) x 100

  • If above 100 then more males in society but if less then more females

• Dependency ratio: how many ppl society needs to support

2.4

• Crude birth rate (CBR): total # of live births in a year for every 1000 ppl alive in society

• Crude death rate (CDR): total # of deaths in a year for every 1000 ppl alive in society

• Natural Increase Rate (NIR): % by which pop. grows in a year 

(NIR = CBR - CDR)

• Total fertility rate (TFR): average # of children a woman will have (if below 2.1 then pop. will decrease and if above then pop will increase)

• Infant mortality rate (IMR): total # of deaths under 1 yr of age in a year for every 1000 live births

2.5

• Emigration: when individual leaves country or political territory

• Demographic transition model doesn’t factor immigration and migration

  • Stage 1: high CBR, high CDR, low NIR - women have limited opportunities (no countries in this stage)

  • Stage 2: high CBR, decreasing CDR, significant NIR (ex. Afghanistan)

  • Stage 3: decline CBR, decrease CDR, NIR more moderate (ex. Mexico)

  • Stage 4: low CBR, low CDR, low to flat NIR - sometimes ZPG (ex. USA, China)

  • Stage 5: low CBR, low CDR and negative NIR, decline in pop (ex. Possibly Japan or Germany)

• Zero population growth (ZPG): when country’s CBR and CDR = same causing NIR to be 0

•  Epidemiologic transition model (stage 1-4 pair w/ DTM but stage 5 doesn’t connect): 

  • Stage 1: vulnerable to many diseases, famine, pandemics, epidemics, food shortages, etc. (ex. Plague)

  • Stage 2: improved standard of living, increase food prod., more nutritious food, better sanitation

  • Stage 3: degenerative diseases (ex. Heart disease, Cancer), live longer

  • Stage 4: fighting degenerative diseases, overall longer life expectancy, good healthcare, improved diets and lifestyle

  • Stage 5: resurgence of infectious diseases, evolution of disease, increased poverty, increased urbanization, globalization (ex. COVID)

2.6

• Malthusian theory: theory where population would surpass carrying capacity = famine, war, disease outbreaks and collapse of society

  • Believed intervention was necessary to prevent uncontrolled pop. growth (ex. gov. could implement anti-natalist policies)

  • Ended up being wrong

2.7

• Pro-natalist policies: policies created to help increase a society’s birth rate - typically implemented in countries w/ low or negative NIR

• Anti-Natalist Policies: policies created to help decrease society’s birth rate - countries with high NIR (ex. China w/ one child policy)

• Immigration policies often based $ needs, national security priorities and cultural values

2.8

• Increased education for women = lower fertility rate, infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rate

• Maternal mortality rate: measure # of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births that occur due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications

• Ravenstein’s law of migration: most migration happens for $ reasons and mostly undertaken by young adults - rural to urban

  • Large urban areas often experience pop. growth through migration rather than natural births

  • Women more likely to migrate internally w/in country while young males most likely to migrate internationally

• Gravity model: based on assumption that migration flows influenced by migration size and distance between origin and destination

2.9

• High dependency ratio can lead to reduction in $ growth as countries raise taxes to support aging pop.

2.10

• Pull factors: positive, situations, conditions, events and factors that make people want to move to geographic location (ex. More business opportunities, less taxes, political stability, acceptance of different cultures, less pollution)

• Push factors: negative conditions that make people want to leave their current geographic location (ex. Lack of job opportunities, discrimination, religious persecution, natural disasters)

• Emigration: when individual leaves country or territory

• Immigration: when individual enters country or territory

• Intervening obstacles: negative situations that hinder migration and prevent migrants from reaching final destination (ex. Denied entry)

• Intervening opportunities: positive situations that hinder migration (ex. Find job offer on the way)

2.11

• Forced migration: when migrant has no choice but to migrate (ex. Slavery, human trafficking, war)

  • Refugee: individual who has been forced to leave home country and crossed international border to escape

  • Internally displaced person (IDP): individual who has been forced to flee home but has not crossed internationally recognized state borders

• Voluntary migration: when ppl. choose to leave country for more opportunities

  • Transnational migration: when migrant emigrates from home country but remains connected to original country

  • Chain migration: process where legal immigrants sponsor family member to immigrate to country

  • Step migration: migration that happens in stages/steps

  • Guest workers: migrant temporarily migrates to new country for work or educational reasons

  • Remittance: money an immigrant sends back to family residing in home country 

  • Transhumance migration: migration that revolves around seasonal movement of livestock between 2 diff. locations

  • Intraregional migration: migration that involves permanent move w/in same region

  • Interregional migration: migration that involves permanent move from one region to another region of same country

2.12 

• Increased immigration often = increased talent as gain more skills and knowledge

• Brain drain: when skilled labor leaves geographic area in favor of another area that offers more opportunities

• Acculturation: when culture adopts different cultural traits of another culture

• Assimilation: when culture adopts new cultural resulting loss or original culture

• Syncretism: when 2+ cultures evolve or change over time in similar manner but remain culturally distinct