WORLD HISTORY 8 REVIEWER

LESSON 1: 5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

1. LOCATION: place or position of a certain thing

• Absolute - exact location

• Relative - location using nearby land/waterforms

2. PLACE: physical features of a place, its landforms, climate, and resources

3. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION: man’s contact with his environment

• dependence to environment (relying, tied)

• adaptation to environment (adapting, getting used to)

• modification to environment (modifying, changing)

4. MOVEMENT: movement of someone or something from one place to another

   (Immigration: leaving, Emigration: entering)

• movement of goods/products

• movement of migration

• movement of ideas

5. REGION: group of places with at least one common characteristic

LESSON 2: IMAGINARY LINES

• ARCTIC CIRCLE: line around the frigid zone

• NORTHERN POLE: very top of globe

• SOUTHERN POLE: very bottom of globe

• PRIME MERIDIAN: VERTICAL line that separates east and west (GREENWICH OBSERVATORY)

• EQUATOR: HORIZONTAL line that separates north and south

• LONGITUDE: VERTICAL LINES

• LATITUDE: HORIZONTAL LINES

• GRID: network of latitudes and longitudes

• TROPIC OF CANCER: line above the tropical zone (north)

• TROPIC OF CAPRICORN: line below the tropical zone (south)

• NORTHERN HEMISPHERE: top half of the globe

• SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE: bottom half of the globe

• EASTERN HEMISPHERE: right half of the globe

• WESTERN HEMISPHERE: left half of the globe

LESSON 3: LANDFORMS AND WATERFORMS

> LANDFORMS

• Mountains: high landforms above 1k ft.

• Hills: low landforms below 1k ft.

• Deserts: desolate land, little water

• Loess: muddy or clay deposits of slits

• Plateau: high landform, flat top

• Plains: flat areas made from eroded soils from hills/mountains

• Islands: land fully surrounded by water

• Valleys: low areas of land between mountains or hills

> WATERFORMS

• Oceans: biggest form, 71% of the Earth

• Sea: almost surrounded by land

• Glaciers: slow moving bodies of ice

• Strait: between land, narrow

• Lake: fully surrounded by land

• Cove: small sheltered inlets

• Bay: semi-circle shape along the shore

• Waterfall: falling from a river or stream from elevated lands

• Gulf: large bay

• Rivers: natural flowing stream of freshwater

LESSON 4: RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES

> RENEWABLE - are physical or biotic resources, can be replaced

• forest

• fish

• water products

• agricultural products

> NONRENEWABLE - limited amount

• fossil fuels (REMAINS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS)

• coal

• oil

• natural gas

• iron, copper, aluminum, uranium, gold (IMPORTANT MINERALS)

> BIOTIC: living

> ABIOTIC: nonliving

LESSON 5: CLIMATE ZONES

> Aristotle was the first to come up with climate zones

• Low: hottest, near equator

• Medium: warm, in temperate zone

• High: coldest, in frigid/polar zone

> TEMPERATE ZONE: middle latitude, perfect temperature with seasons

> POLAR/FRIGID ZONE: high latitude, near poles, coldest (north: subarctic, south: subantarctic)

> TORRID/TROPICAL ZONE: low latitude, hottest, near equator (includes SUBTROPICS)

> SUMMER SOLSTICE: sun passes farthest north, JUNE 22

> WINTER SOLSTICE: sun passes farthest south, DEC 22

> EQUINOX: sun crosses equator, day and night are equal length almost everywhere on Earth, MAR 21, SEPT 23

LESSON 6: CONTINENTS OF THE WORLD

• NORTH AMERICA: top left (has all biomes, 3rd largest)

• SOUTH AMERICA: bottom left (4th largest)

• EUROPE: middle top (2nd smallest, no desert biome, EURASIA)

• AFRICA: middle bottom (54 countries, 2nd largest)

• ASIA: top right (1st largest, most people living there)

• AUSTRALIA: bottom right (smallest, includes islands in the Pacific)

• ANTARCTICA: very bottom (least populated, covered in ice/TUNDRA)

LESSON 7: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

• the study of populations

• demography is a special focus (birth, marriage, migration, death)

> PEOPLE AND ENVIRONMENT:

• Population Density: number of people living per km²/m²

• Population Growth: effects: famine, disease, natural resource depletion

> CULTURE:

• Material: objects/things that people created

• Non-Material: ideas of people, religion, language, beliefs, patterns of behavior

> LANGUAGE: cornerstone of culture

> RELIGION: important feature of a culture. Helps answering basic questions about the meaning and purpose of life

• Buddhism: (Buddha, Sacred texts, Nirvana, eliminating worldly things)

• Christianity: (God, Jesus Christ, Bible, There is only one God)

• Hinduism: (Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, Sacred texts, rebirth)

• Islam: (God(Allah), Muhammad, Qur’an, Five Pillars)

• Judaism: (God(Yahweh), Abraham, Hebrew Bible, Torah)

• Confucianism: (Confucius, Analects, Five Classics, Social Order)

> CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS: rules of behavior (wearing clothes, eating, how to be polite)

> RACE AND ETHNIC GROUP: race refers to a group of people who share similar and distinct physical characteristics

• CAUCASIAN: Europe, North Africa, Eastern Africa, Western Asia, Central Asia, South Asia

• MONGOLOID: Eastern Asia, Southeast Asia, Arctic region of North America

• NEGROID: Central Africa, Southern Africa

• AUSTROLOID: Aborigines of Australia