Video Notes: Medical Language and Body Systems — Vocabulary Flashcards

Page 1

• Medical Language Origins- Greek and Latin word parts

  • Acronyms: Words formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word (e.g., HIPAA).

  • Eponyms: Names of diseases, procedures, or body parts derived from the name of a person (e.g., Alzheimer disease).

  • Modern language: Terms derived from contemporary words, often related to technology or new medical discoveries.

• Word Parts- Word root: The foundation of a medical term, usually describing a body part or system.

  • Suffix: A word ending that modifies the meaning of the word root, often indicating a procedure, condition, or disease.

  • Prefix: A word beginning that modifies the meaning of the word root, often indicating location, time, or number.

  • Combining vowel: A vowel (usually "o") that connects word roots to other word roots or to suffixes to aid in pronunciation.

• Signs and Symptoms- Inflammation: A localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection.

  • Organomegaly: Abnormal enlargement of an organ.

• Diseases and Disorders- Carcinoma (CA): A malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue.

  • Epithelioma: A tumor derived from epithelial cells, which may be benign or malignant.

  • Infection: The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body.

  • Lipoma: A benign tumor consisting of fatty tissue.

  • Myoma: A benign tumor of muscle tissue.

  • Neoplasm: An abnormal new growth of tissue that may be benign or malignant.

  • Neuroma: A benign tumor of nervous tissue.

  • Sarcoma: A malignant tumor that occurs in connective tissue (e.g., bone, muscle, fat).

• Descriptive of Disease and Disease Processes- Benign: Not cancerous; does not spread to other parts of the body.

  • Diagnosis (Dx or Ox as written in transcript): The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms.

  • Malignant: Cancerous; capable of spreading to other parts of the body.

  • Metastasis, metastases (METS): The spread of cancer cells from the primary site of origin to distant sites in the body.

  • Prognosis (Px): The likely course of a disease or ailment; a forecast of the probable outcome of a disease.

  • Remission: The abatement or disappearance of the symptoms of a disease.

• Introduction to Medical Language, Body Structure, and Oncology- Word Parts: Components that form medical terms.

  • Combining Forms: A word root plus a combining vowel (e.g., cardi/o).

  • Suffixes: Word endings that give meaning to the term (e.g., -itis for inflammation).

  • Prefixes: Word beginnings that modify the meaning (e.g., hypo- for below normal).

  • Examples of combining forms and suffixes:

    • carcin/o: cancer

    • -al: pertaining to

    • cyt/o: cell

    • -genic: producing, originating

    • epitheli/o: epithelium

    • -ic: pertaining to

    • hist/o: tissue

    • -logist: specialist in the study of

    • lip/o: fat

    • -logy: study of

    • my/o: muscle

    • -megaly: enlargement

    • neur/o: nerve

    • -oid: resembling

    • onc/o: tumor, mass, cancer

    • -oma: tumor, mass

    • organ/o: organ

    • -plasm: formation, growth

    • path/o: disease

    • -stasis: cessation, control, standing still

    • radi/o: radiation, x-rays

    • sarc/o: connective tissue, flesh

  • Prefixes in this section:

    • system/o: system (likely meant as related to 'systemic')

    • meta-: beyond, after, change

    • viscer/o: internal organs

    • neo-: new

• Medical Terms and Abbreviations (Laboratory terms; Body structure terms)- Laboratory terms:

  • biopsy (Bx): The removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination to determine the presence of a disease.

  • chemistry panel: A group of tests that measure various chemicals in the blood to provide information about the body's metabolism and organ function.

  • complete blood count with differential (CBC with diff): A blood test that measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells (with different types), and platelets, and components like hemoglobin and hematocrit.

  • genetic testing: Analysis of DNA, RNA, chromosomes, proteins, and metabolites to detect genetic mutations or predispositions to disease.

  • specimen: A sample of tissue, fluid, or other material taken from the body for diagnostic examination.

  • Body structure terms:

    • epithelial: Pertaining to the epithelium, the tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs.

    • lipoid: Resembling fat.

    • visceral: Pertaining to the internal organs within the body cavities.

• Related Terms- carcinogenic: Causing cancer.

• Treatments- carcinoid: A type of tumor composed of cells that produce hormone-like substances, often found in the gastrointestinal tract.

  • biological therapy: Treatment that uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer or to lessen the side effects that might be caused by other cancer treatments.

  • chemotherapy (chemo): Treatment of disease (especially cancer) by the use of chemical substances.

  • radiation therapy (XRT): The use of high-energy radiation from X-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.

• Specialties and Abbreviations- Professions:

  • oncologist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

  • pathologist: A physician who specializes in the study of disease, especially through the examination of tissue, cells, and body fluids.

  • radiologist: A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and injuries using medical imaging techniques (e.g., X-rays, CT, MRI).

  • radiology: The medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases.

  • etc.

  • Abbreviations:

    • Bx: Biopsy

    • Ox: Diagnosis (variant of Dx)

    • Px: Prognosis

    • CA: Carcinoma or Cancer

    • METS: Metastases

    • staph: Staphylococcus (a type of bacteria)

    • strep: Streptococcus (a type of bacteria)

    • CBC: Complete Blood Count

    • etc.

Page 2

• Lesson at a Glance: Directional Terms, Positions, and Imaging

• Word Parts- Combining Forms: Word roots combined with a vowel to facilitate pronunciation.

  • anter/o: front

  • poster/o: back, behind

  • -ad: toward

  • caud/o: tail, lower part of body

  • proxim/o: near, nearest

  • -al: pertaining to

  • cepha/o: head

  • radi/o: radiation, X-ray; or relating to the radius (bone)

  • -graphy: process of recording

  • dist/o: away from the point of origin

  • son/o: sound

  • -ic: pertaining to

  • dors/o: back (of body)

  • super/o: above

  • -ior: pertaining to

  • infer/o: below

  • tom/o: to cut, section, or slice

  • later/o: side

  • ventr/o: front, belly side

  • medi/o: middle

• Directional Terms- anterior (ant): Toward the front of the body.

  • anterolateral: Pertaining to the front and side.

  • anteromedial: Pertaining to the front and middle.

  • anteroposterior (AP): From front to back.

  • anterosuperior: Pertaining to the front and upper part.

  • caudad: Toward the tail or lower part of the body.

  • caudal: Pertaining to the tail or lower part of the body.

  • cephalad: Toward the head.

  • cephalic: Pertaining to the head.

  • distal: Away from the point of origin or attachment.

  • dorsal: Pertaining to the back (of a structure or the body).

  • inferior (inf): Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

  • inferolateral: Pertaining to below and to the side.

  • lateral (lat): Away from the midline of the body; toward the side.

  • medial (med): Toward the midline of the body.

  • mediolateral: Pertaining to the middle and to the side.

  • posterior (post): Toward the back of the body.

  • posteroanterior (PA): From back to front.

  • posterolateral: Pertaining to the back and to the side.

  • proximal: Nearer to the point of origin or attachment.

  • superior (sup): Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.

  • superolateral: Pertaining to above and to the side.

  • ventral: Pertaining to the front or belly side.

• Anatomical Planes- axial plane: A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts; also known as a transverse or horizontal plane.

  • coronal plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts; also known as a frontal plane.

  • sagittal plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. A midsagittal plane divides into equal right and left halves.

• Abdominalo-pelvic Regions- epigastric region: The upper central region of the abdomen, above the navel.

  • hypochondriac regions: The two regions on either side of the epigastric region, beneath the lower ribs.

  • hypogastric region: The lower central region of the abdomen, below the umbilical region.

  • iliac regions: The two regions on either side of the hypogastric region; also called inguinal regions.

  • lumbar regions: The two regions on either side of the umbilical region, aligned with the lumbar spine.

  • umbilical region: The central region of the abdomen, around the navel.

• Patient Positions- lateral position: Lying on the side.

  • orthopnea position: Sitting upright or standing, often used for patients with difficulty breathing.

  • prone position: Lying on the abdomen, face down.

  • semiprone position: Lying partially on the side and partially on the abdomen.

  • sitting position: Upright, supported by a chair or bed.

  • supine position: Lying on the back, face up.

  • Trendelenburg position: Lying supine with the head lower than the feet, often used to promote venous return or in cases of shock.

• Diagnostic Imaging- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A non-invasive imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and soft tissues.

  • nuclear medicine: A medical specialty that uses small amounts of radioactive materials to diagnose and treat diseases via imaging (e.g., PET scans) or targeted therapies.

  • radiography: The process of producing an image using X-rays; commonly referred to as an X-ray.

  • sonography: The use of high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to create images of internal body structures; also called ultrasonography.

  • tomography: An imaging technique that produces a series of thin cross-sectional images of the body (e.g., CT or CAT scan).

• Abdomino-pelvic Quadrants- left lower quadrant (LLQ): The bottom left section of the abdomen.

  • left upper quadrant (LUQ): The top left section of the abdomen.

  • right lower quadrant (RLQ): The bottom right section of the abdomen.

  • right upper quadrant (RUQ): The top right section of the abdomen.

• Abbreviations- ant: anterior

  • AP: anteroposterior

  • inf: inferior

  • lat: lateral

  • LLQ: left lower quadrant

  • LUQ: left upper quadrant

  • post: posterior

  • PA: posteroanterior

  • med: medial

  • RLQ: right lower quadrant

  • RUQ: right upper quadrant

  • MRI: magnetic resonance imaging

  • NM: nuclear medicine

  • us: ultrasound or sonography

Page 3

• Lesson at a Glance: Integumentary System, Colors, and Plural Endings

• Word Parts- Combining Forms: Word roots combined with a vowel to aid pronunciation.

  • integumentary System: Pertaining to the body's largest organ system, which includes skin, hair, nails, and glands.

  • acr/o: extremity, top, height

  • cutane/o: skin

  • derm/o: skin

  • dermat/o: skin

  • myc/o: fungus

  • onych/o: nail

• Colors- cyan/o: blue

  • erythr/o: red

  • leuk/o: white

  • melan/o: black, dark

  • xanth/o: yellow

• Suffixes- -a, -e, -y: General noun endings, often forming abstract nouns (e.g., dyspnea, apnea).

  • -itis: inflammation

  • -lysis: separation; destruction; loosening

  • -osis: abnormal condition; increase (often blood cells)

  • -ous: pertaining to

• Prefixes- epi-: on, upon, over

  • hypo-: deficient, below, under, less than normal

  • intra-: within

  • peri-: around

  • sub-: under, below

  • trans-: across, through

• Singular Endings: Latin or Greek endings that denote a single item.

  • -a: (e.g., vertebra)

  • -ax: (e.g., thorax)

  • -ex: (e.g., cortex)

  • -is: (e.g., crisis)

  • -ix: (e.g., appendix)

  • -ma: (e.g., carcinoma)

  • -nx: (e.g., phalanx)

  • -on: (e.g., ganglion)

  • -sis: (e.g., prognosis)

  • -um: (e.g., bacterium)

  • -us: (e.g., nucleus)

• Plural Endings: Latin or Greek endings that denote multiple items, converting from their singular forms.

  • -ae: (plural of -a, e.g., vertebrae)

  • -aces: (plural of -ax, e.g., thoraces)

  • -ices: (plural of -ex or -ix, e.g., cortices, appendices)

  • -es: (often for words ending in -is, e.g., crises)

  • -mata: (plural of -ma, e.g., carcinomata)

  • -nges: (plural of -nx, e.g., phalanges)

  • -a: (plural of -on or -um, e.g., ganglia, bacteria)

  • -ses: (plural of -sis, e.g., prognoses)

  • -i: (plural of -us, e.g., nuclei)

Page 4

• Lesson at a Glance: Signs and Symptoms; Diseases and Disorders

• Signs and Symptoms- acrocyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the extremities (hands and feet) due to decreased blood flow or oxygen.

  • cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to a lack of oxygen in the blood.

  • edema: Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues.

  • erythema: Redness of the skin, often in patches, due to capillary dilation.

  • erythroderma: Any skin redness that affects widespread areas of the body.

  • jaundice: Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes caused by increased bilirubin in the blood.

  • lesion: Any pathological change in the tissues; an area of abnormal tissue.

  • leukoderma: A condition in which there is decreased or absent pigmentation in the skin, resulting in white patches.

  • melanoderma: Darkening of the skin due to increased melanin pigmentation.

  • pallor: Unnaturally pale appearance of the skin.

  • xanthoderma: Yellowish discoloration of the skin.

  • xanthosis: A yellowish discoloration, often related to carotenemia (excess carotene in the blood).

• Diseases and Disorders- abscess: A localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissue.

  • basal cell carcinoma (BCC): The most common type of skin cancer, arising from the basal cells of the epidermis.

  • cellulitis: A common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection, appearing as a red, swollen, painful area.

  • dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin.

  • dermatopathy: Any disease of the skin.

• Additional Dermatology Terms (as listed)- eczema: A general term for an inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, inflamed skin; often chronic.

  • herpes: A viral infection causing outbreaks of sores, often around the mouth (HSV-1) or genitals (HSV-2).

  • impetigo: A highly contagious bacterial skin infection, common in young children, causing red sores that quickly rupture and ooze, then form a yellowish-brown crust.

  • laceration (lac): A deep cut or tearing of the skin and sometimes underlying tissue.

  • melanoma: The most serious type of skin cancer, developing in the melanin-producing cells (melanocytes).

  • methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A type of staph bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics.

  • nevus: A pigmented birthmark or mole.

  • onycholysis: Separation of the nail from the nail bed.

  • onychomycosis: Fungal infection of the nail.

  • onychosis: Any disease of the nails.

  • pressure injury: Localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue, usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device, resulting from prolonged pressure.

  • squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): A common form of skin cancer arising from the squamous cells of the epidermis.

  • xanthoma: A yellowish nodule or plaque in the skin (or other tissue) caused by lipid deposits.

• Specialties and Professions- dermatologist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders.

  • dermatology (DERM): The medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders.

  • dermatopathologist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis of skin diseases by evaluating tissue samples microscopically.

• Related Terms- cutaneous: Pertaining to the skin.

  • dermal: Pertaining to the dermis, the layer of skin beneath the epidermis.

  • epidermal: Pertaining to the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.

  • erythrocyte (RBC): A red blood cell, responsible for oxygen transport.

  • hypodermic (hypo): Pertaining to the region immediately beneath the skin.

  • intradermal (ID): Within the skin layers.

  • leukocyte (WBC): A white blood cell, involved in the immune response.

  • percutaneous: Through the skin.

  • subcutaneous (subcut): Located or placed just beneath the skin.

  • transdermal (TD): Applied to the skin, usually in a patch, for absorption of a substance through the skin.

• Abbreviations- BCC: Basal Cell Carcinoma

  • DERM: Dermatology

  • hypo: hypodermic or below/deficient

  • ID: Intradermal

  • lac: Laceration

  • MRSA: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

  • RBC: Red Blood Cell or Red Blood Corpuscle

  • sec: (possibly a typo for SCC) Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • TD: Transdermal

  • subcut: Subcutaneous

  • WBC: White Blood Cell or White Blood Corpuscle

Page 5

• Lesson at a Glance: Respiratory System Word Parts

• Combining Forms- bronch/o: bronchus (airway)

  • pneumon/o: lung, air

  • -ary: pertaining to

  • -rrhagia: rapid flow of blood

  • capn/o: carbon dioxide

  • pulmon/o: lung

  • -centesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid

  • -rrhea: flow, discharge

  • dys-: bad, painful, difficult

  • laryng/o: larynx (voice box)

  • rhin/o: nose

  • -eal: pertaining to

  • -scope: instrument for visual examination

  • endo-: in, within

  • muc/o: mucus

  • sinus/o: sinus (cavity)

  • -ectomy: surgical removal

  • -scopic: pertaining to visual examination

  • hyper-: excessive, above normal

  • nas/o: nose

  • somn/o: sleep

  • -gram: record, writing

  • -scopy: visual examination

  • poly-: many, much

  • ox/i: oxygen

  • spir/o: to breathe

  • -ia: condition, state, thing

  • -stomy: creation of a new opening

  • pharyng/o: pharynx (throat)

  • thorac/o: chest, thorax

  • -meter: instrument for measuring

  • -thorax: chest, pleural cavity

  • pneum/o: air, lung

  • trache/o: trachea (windpipe)

  • -pnea: breathing

  • -tomy: incision, cutting into

Page 6

• Lesson 6: Respiratory System

• Signs and Symptoms- apnea: Temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep.

  • dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing.

  • hypercapnia: Condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO_2) levels in the blood.

  • hyperoxia: Condition of abnormally elevated oxygen (O_2) levels in tissues and organs.

  • hyperpnea: Abnormally deep or rapid breathing.

  • hypocapnia: Condition of abnormally low carbon dioxide (CO_2) levels in the blood.

  • hypopnea: Abnormally shallow or slow breathing.

  • hypoxia: Condition of oxygen deficiency in the tissues.

  • rhinorrhagia: Nosebleed.

  • rhinorrhea: Runny nose; discharge from the nose.

• Diseases and Disorders- asthma: A chronic respiratory disease characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

  • bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A group of progressive lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

  • coronavirus disease (COVID-19): An infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, primarily affecting the respiratory system.

  • emphysema: A chronic lung disease characterized by the enlargement of air sacs in the lungs, leading to breathlessness.

  • influenza (flu): A common viral infection that attacks the respiratory system (nose, throat, and lungs).

  • laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx (voice box), causing hoarseness or loss of voice.

  • nasopharyngitis: Inflammation of the nose and pharynx; common cold.

  • obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): A sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep due to airway obstruction.

  • pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx (throat).

  • pneumonia: An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus.

  • pneumothorax: The presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity, which can cause lung collapse.

  • rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose.

  • sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses.

  • tuberculosis (TB): A serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.

  • upper respiratory infection (URI): An infection that affects the upper part of the respiratory system, including the common cold.

• Diagnostic Tests and Equipment- bronchoscope: A flexible or rigid tube with a light and camera, used to examine the inside of the bronchi.

  • bronchoscopy: Visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope.

  • capnometer: An instrument used to measure carbon dioxide (CO_2) levels, typically in expired air.

  • computed tomography (CT): An imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body.

  • culture and sensitivity (C&S): A laboratory test to identify the specific type of bacteria causing an infection and determine its susceptibility to various antibiotics.

  • endoscope: A flexible medical instrument with a light and camera, used to visualize internal organs or cavities.

  • endoscopic: Pertaining to examination with an endoscope.

  • endoscopy: Visual examination of an internal organ or cavity using an endoscope.

  • laryngoscope: An instrument used to examine the larynx.

  • laryngoscopy: Visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope.

  • oximeter: An instrument that measures the oxygen saturation of the blood (e.g., pulse oximeter).

  • polysomnogram: The record obtained from a polysomnography, showing various physiological data during sleep.

  • polysomnography (PSG): A comprehensive recording of biophysiological changes that occur during sleep; a sleep study.

  • radiograph: An image produced on a photographic film or digital sensor by radiation, especially X-rays.

  • spirometer: An instrument used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs.

  • thoracoscope: An endoscope used to examine the pleural cavity.

  • thoracoscopic: Pertaining to examination with a thoracoscope; also known as video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS).

  • thoracoscopy: Visual examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope.

• Surgical Procedures- laryngectomy: Surgical removal of the larynx (voice box).

  • pneumonectomy: Surgical removal of all or part of a lung.

  • sinusotomy: Incision into a sinus.

  • thoracentesis: Surgical puncture of the chest wall to remove fluid or air from the pleural cavity.

  • thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall.

  • tracheostomy: Surgical creation of a new permanent opening into the trachea (windpipe) through the neck.

  • tracheotomy: Incision into the trachea.

• Specialties and Professions- pulmonologist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases.

  • pulmonology: The medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases.

• Related Terms- endotracheal (ET): Within or through the trachea.

  • laryngeal: Pertaining to the larynx.

  • mucous: Pertaining to mucus, a slippery secretion.

  • nasal: Pertaining to the nose.

  • pharyngeal: Pertaining to the pharynx.

  • pulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs.

  • sputum: Mucus or phlegm that is coughed up from the respiratory tract.

  • thoracic: Pertaining to the chest.

• Abbreviations- ABG: Arterial Blood Gas (test)

  • ET: Endotracheal

  • BP: Blood Pressure

  • flu: Influenza

  • CO2: Carbon Dioxide

  • O2: Oxygen

  • COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  • OSA: Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  • COVID-19: Coronavirus Disease 2019

  • P: Pulse

  • C&S: Culture and Sensitivity

  • PFTs: Pulmonary Function Tests

  • CPAP: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

  • PSG: Polysomnography

  • CT: Computed Tomography

  • R: Respiration Rate

  • CXR: Chest X-ray

  • RT: Respiratory Therapy or Respiratory Therapist

  • SOAP: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan (medical documentation format)

  • SOB: Shortness of Breath

  • TB: Tuberculosis

  • URI: Upper Respiratory Infection

  • VS: Vital Signs

  • V/Q scan: Ventilation-Perfusion Scan (nuclear medicine scan of the lungs)

Page 7

• Basic Medical Language: Urinary System

• Combining Forms- cyst/o: bladder, sac, cyst

  • hem/o, hemat/o: blood

  • hydr/o: water, fluid

  • lith/o: stone, calculus

  • meav/o (likely meat/o): opening, meatus

  • nephr/o: kidney

  • noct/o: night

  • olig/o: scanty, few

  • pyel/o: renal pelvis (basin of kidney)

  • py/o: pus

  • ren/o: kidney

  • ur/o: urine, urinary tract

  • ureter/o: ureter

  • urethr/o: urethra

• Signs and Symptoms- anuria: Absence of urine production.

  • dysuria: Painful or difficult urination.

  • hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine.

  • incontinence: Involuntary leakage of urine.

  • nocturia: Urination at night.

  • oliguria: Scanty or infrequent urination.

  • pyuria: Presence of pus in the urine.

• Diseases and Disorders- chronic kidney disease (CKD): A progressive loss of kidney function over time.

  • cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder.

  • cystolithiasis: Presence of stones (calculi) in the bladder.

  • hydronephrosis: Swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine.

  • nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney.

  • nephrolithiasis: Presence of stones (calculi) in the kidney.

  • pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney.

  • renal calculi: Kidney stones.

  • renal failure: A condition in which the kidneys lose the ability to remove waste products and concentrate urine.

  • uremia: A condition involving abnormally high levels of waste products (urea, creatinine) in the blood, normally excreted by the kidneys.

  • ureterolithiasis: Presence of stones (calculi) in the ureter.

  • ureteropyelonephritis: Inflammation of the ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney.

  • urethrocystitis: Inflammation of the urethra and bladder.

  • urinary tract infection (UTI): An infection in any part of the urinary system, including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

• Urinary System Word Parts- Suffixes:

  • -emia: blood condition

  • -iasis: abnormal condition

  • -plasty: surgical repair

  • -tripsy: crushing

• Urinary System Medical Terms and Abbreviations- cystogram: An X-ray image of the bladder.

  • cystography: The process of taking an X-ray image of the bladder.

  • cystoscope: An instrument used for visual examination of the bladder.

  • cystoscopy: Visual examination of the bladder using a cystoscope.

  • cystourethrography: X-ray imaging of the bladder and urethra.

  • meatoscopy: Visual examination of the urinary meatus.

  • urethroscope: An instrument for visual examination of the urethra.

  • urinalysis (UA): A laboratory test of urine to detect and measure various compounds.

  • urogram: An X-ray record of the urinary system.

• Surgical Procedures- cystolithotomy: Incision into the bladder to remove stones.

  • cystostomy: Creation of a new opening into the bladder.

  • extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL): A non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break up kidney stones and gallstones into smaller pieces that can pass more easily.

  • lithotripsy: The crushing of a stone in the bladder, ureter, or kidney.

  • meatotomy: Incision of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening.

  • nephrectomy: Surgical removal of a kidney.

  • nephrostomy: Creation of a new opening into the kidney.

  • nephrotomy: Incision into the kidney.

  • pyelolithotomy: Incision into the renal pelvis to remove stones.

  • renal transplant: Surgical procedure to place a healthy kidney from a donor into a person whose kidneys are no longer functioning.

  • ureterectomy: Surgical removal of a ureter.

  • ureterolithotomy: Incision into the ureter to remove a stone.

  • ureteroplasty: Surgical repair of a ureter.

  • urethroplasty: Surgical repair of the urethra.

  • urostomy: Surgical creation of an opening from the urinary tract to the outside of the body.

• Specialties and Professions- nephrologist: A physician who specializes in kidney diseases.

  • nephrology: The medical specialty concerned with diseases of the kidneys.

  • urologist: A physician who specializes in the urinary tract and male reproductive system.

  • urology: The medical specialty concerned with the urinary tract and male reproductive system.

• Related Terms- dialysis: A medical procedure that removes waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so.

  • meatal: Pertaining to the meatus (opening).

  • renal: Pertaining to the kidney.

  • urinary catheterization: The insertion of a hollow, flexible tube into the bladder to drain urine.

  • void: To excrete urine.

• Abbreviations- cath: catheterization

  • OAS: (possibly referring to Overactive Bladder Syndrome, not typical abbreviation)

  • UTI: Urinary Tract Infection

  • CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease

  • PCT: Proximal Convoluted Tubule (part of kidney nephron)

  • VCUG: Voiding Cystourethrogram

  • ESWL: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

  • PKD: Polycystic Kidney Disease

  • HD: Hemodialysis

  • UA: Urinalysis

Page 8

• Basic Medical Language: Reproductive System

• Signs and Symptoms- amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation.

  • dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation.

  • menorrhagia: Abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.

• Diseases and Disorders- benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.

  • cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix.

  • cystocele: A condition in which the bladder sags into the vagina.

  • endometriosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus.

  • endometritis: Inflammation of the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus).

  • erectile dysfunction (ED): Inability to achieve or maintain an erection for sexual intercourse.

  • hysterorrhexis: Rupture of the uterus.

  • mastitis: Inflammation of the breast, often caused by infection.

  • oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary.

  • orchitis: Inflammation of one or both testicles.

  • pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection of the female reproductive organs.

  • prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland.

  • prostatocystitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland and bladder.

  • prostatolith: A stone (calculus) in the prostate gland.

  • salpingitis: Inflammation of a fallopian tube.

  • sexually transmitted infection (STI): An infection transmitted through sexual contact.

  • uterine fibroid: Benign smooth muscle tumors that grow in the uterus.

  • uterovaginal prolapse: Prolapse or falling of the uterus and vagina.

  • vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina.

• Surgical Procedures- cervicectomy: Surgical removal of the cervix.

  • circumcision: Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.

  • dilation and curettage (D&C): A procedure to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus (dilation involves opening the cervix, curettage involves scraping the uterine lining).

  • hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus.

  • hysteropexy: Surgical fixation of the uterus.

  • hysterorrhaphy: Surgical suturing of the uterus.

  • hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

  • mammoplasty: Surgical repair or reshaping of the breast.

  • mastectomy: Surgical removal of a breast.

  • mastopexy: Surgical fixation or lift of the breast.

  • oophorectomy: Surgical removal of an ovary.

  • oophoropexy: Surgical fixation of an ovary.

  • orchiectomy: Surgical removal of a testicle.

  • orchiopexy: Surgical fixation of a undescended testicle in the scrotum.

  • prostatectomy: Surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland.

  • scrotoplasty: Surgical repair of the scrotum.

  • transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP): Surgical procedure to relieve symptoms of an enlarged prostate by removing prostatic tissue through the urethra.

  • vasectomy: Surgical procedure for male sterilization involving the cutting and sealing of the vas deferens.

  • vasovasostomy: Surgical procedure to reverse a vasectomy, reconnecting the vas deferens.

• Diagnostic Tests and Equipment- colposcope: A magnified, illuminated instrument used to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva.

  • colposcopy: Visual examination of the cervix, vagina, and vulva with a colposcope.

  • digital rectal examination (DRE): A physical examination in which the doctor inserts a gloved finger into the rectum to check the prostate gland (in males) or other pelvic organs.

  • hysterosalpingogram: An X-ray image of the uterus and fallopian tubes.

  • mammogram: An X-ray image of the breast, used for screening and diagnosis of breast diseases.

  • mammography: The process of taking X-ray images of the breast.

  • Pap test: A screening test for cervical cancer that involves collecting cells from the cervix.

  • prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay: A blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland, used in screening for prostate cancer.

  • semen analysis: A laboratory test that evaluates the quantity and quality of sperm and other components of semen.

• Specialties and Professions- gynecologist: A physician who specializes in the female reproductive system.

  • gynecology: The medical specialty concerned with the female reproductive system.

  • obstetrics: The medical specialty concerned with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

• Related Terms- cervical: Pertaining to the cervix or neck.

  • endometrial: Pertaining to the endometrium.

  • menorrhea: Normal menstrual flow.

  • prostatic: Pertaining to the prostate gland.

  • scrotal: Pertaining to the scrotum.

  • vaginal: Pertaining to the vagina.

• Abbreviations- BPH: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

  • ED: Erectile Dysfunction

  • PID: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PYO in transcript but usually PID): Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

  • Cx: Cervix

  • HPV: Human Papillomavirus

  • PSA: Prostate-Specific Antigen

  • DRE: Digital Rectal Examination

  • HSG: Hysterosalpingogram

  • RP: Radical Prostatectomy (likely)

  • D&C: Dilation and Curettage

  • GYN: Gynecology

  • STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease (older term for STI)

  • STI: Sexually Transmitted Infection

  • TURP: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

Page 9

• Lesson at a Glance: Combined Forms for Cardiovascular

• Combining Forms- aden/o: gland

  • electr/o: electricity

  • angi/o: vessel (blood or lymph)

  • lymph/o: lymph, lymphatic tissue

  • arteri/o: artery

  • phleb/o, ven/o: vein

  • cardi/o: heart

  • splen/o: spleen

  • ech/o: sound, echo

  • thromb/o: clot, thrombus

• Signs and Symptoms- bradycardia: Abnormally slow heart rate (typically below 60 beats per minute).

  • cardiomegaly: Enlargement of the heart.

  • hemorrhage: An escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, especially when profuse.

  • hypertension (HTN): Abnormally high blood pressure.

  • hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure.

  • splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen.

  • tachycardia: Abnormally rapid heart rate (typically above 100 beats per minute).

  • tachypnea: Abnormally rapid breathing.

• Diseases and Disorders- anemia: A condition in which the blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells.

  • aneurysm: A localized, blood-filled balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel.

  • arteriosclerosis: Hardening and narrowing of the arteries.

  • cardiomyopathy: Disease of the heart muscle, making it harder for the heart to pump blood.

  • coronary artery disease (CAD): A condition in which the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

  • embolus (pl. emboli): An unattached mass that travels through the bloodstream and may lodge in a vessel, causing an obstruction.

  • heart failure (HF): A chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

  • hematoma: A solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.

  • hemolysis: The destruction of red blood cells.

  • leukemia: A cancer of the blood-forming tissues, characterized by the excessive production of abnormal white blood cells.

  • leukocytopenia: A reduction in the number of white blood cells in the blood.

  • lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes.

  • lymphadenopathy: Enlargement of the lymph nodes, often due to infection or disease.

  • lymphoma: A cancer of the lymphatic system.

  • myocardial infarction (MI): Heart attack; damage to the heart muscle due to lack of blood supply.

  • phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein.

• Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Words Parts- Suffixes:

  • -ac: pertaining to

  • -graph: instrument for recording

  • -penia: deficiency

  • -sclerosis: hardening

  • Prefixes:

  • brady-: slow

  • tachy-: fast

• Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Medical Terms and Abbreviations- thrombocytopenia: A condition in which you have a low blood platelet count.

  • thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein with clot formation.

  • thrombosis: The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood.

  • varicose veins: Swollen, twisted veins that you can see just under the skin, often in the legs.

• Diagnostic Tests and Equipment- angiography: A medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside of blood vessels and organs of the body, with contrast medium.

  • arteriogram: An X-ray image of arteries after injection of a contrast medium.

  • blood pressure (BP): The force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.

  • cardiac catheterization: A procedure involving the insertion of a catheter into a heart chamber or vessel for diagnostic or interventional purposes.

  • complete blood count (CBC): A blood test that measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, and components like hemoglobin and hematocrit.

  • echocardiogram (ECHO): An ultrasound of the heart, used to visualize heart structures and function.

  • electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG): A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

  • electrocardiograph: The instrument used to record the electrocardiogram.

  • electrocardiography: The process of recording the electrical activity of the heart.

  • pulse (P): The rhythmic throbbing of arteries as blood is propelled through them by heartbeats.

  • sphygmomanometer: An instrument for measuring blood pressure.

  • stethoscope: An instrument used to listen to internal sounds of the body, such as heart and lung sounds.

  • venogram: An X-ray image of a vein (or veins) after injection of a contrast medium.

• Surgical Procedures- angioplasty: Surgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel, especially a coronary artery.

  • coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): A surgical procedure that uses a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body to create a new path for blood around a blocked artery to the heart muscle.

  • endarterectomy: Surgical removal of plaque from the inner lining of an artery.

  • phlebotomy: Incision into a vein to draw blood (venipuncture).

  • splenectomy: Surgical removal of the spleen.

• Specialties and Professions- cardiologist: A physician who specializes in diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

  • cardiology: The medical specialty concerned with diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

  • hematologist: A physician who specializes in diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs.

  • hematology: The medical specialty concerned with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs.

• Related Terms- arterial: Pertaining to an artery.

  • cardiac: Pertaining to the heart.

  • cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): An emergency procedure that combines chest compressions and artificial ventilation to manually preserve brain function until further measures are taken.

  • hemostasis: The stopping of a flow of blood.

  • intravenous (IV): Within or into a vein.

  • myocardial: Pertaining to the heart muscle.

  • thrombocyte: A platelet, a small blood component involved in clotting.

• Abbreviations- BP: Blood Pressure

  • ECHO: Echocardiogram

  • MI: Myocardial Infarction

  • CABG: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

  • ECG: Electrocardiogram

  • P: Pulse

  • CAD: Coronary Artery Disease

  • EKG: Electrocardiogram (another common abbreviation)

  • PAD: Peripheral Artery Disease

  • CBC: Complete Blood Count

  • HF: Heart Failure

  • PTCA: Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

  • CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

  • HHD: Hypertensive Heart Disease

  • VS: Vital Signs

  • DSA: Digital Subtraction Angiography

  • HTN: Hypertension

  • DVT: Deep Vein Thrombosis

  • IV: Intravenous

Page 10

• Lesson at a Glance: Digestive System

• Digestive System Medical Terms and Abbreviations- constipation: Infrequent or difficult bowel movements.

  • diarrhea: Frequent, loose, watery stools.

  • dyspepsia: Indigestion or upset stomach.

  • dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.

  • gingivalgia (ged to gingivalgia in transcript): Pain in the gums.

  • hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver.

• Diseases and Disorders- appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix.

  • celiac disease: An autoimmune disorder in which the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.

  • cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder.

  • cholelithiasis: Formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.

  • cirrhosis: Chronic liver damage from a variety of causes leading to scarring and liver failure.

  • colitis: Inflammation of the colon.

  • Crohn disease: A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract from mouth to anus.

  • dysentery: Infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea with blood and mucus.

  • esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus.

  • gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.

  • gastroenteritis: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically causing vomiting and diarrhea.

  • gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.

  • gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums.

  • glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue.

  • hemorrhoids: Swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum.

  • hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by a virus or alcohol.

  • hepatoma: A tumor of the liver, usually malignant.

  • irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): A common disorder that affects the large intestine, causing cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea or constipation.

  • pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas.

  • peptic ulcer: An open sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.

  • polyp: A small, non-cancerous growth that can arise from the lining of an organ, such as the colon.

  • rectocele: A condition in which the rectum sags into the vagina.

  • ulcerative colitis (UC): A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

• Diagnostic Tests and Equipment- barium enema (BE): An X-ray exam that can detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon).

  • colonoscopy: Visual examination of the entire colon using a colonoscope.

  • CT colonography (CTC): A non-invasive imaging test that uses X-rays and computer technology to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the colon.

  • endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): A procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat problems of the biliary or pancreatic ductal systems.

  • esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): A procedure to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine (duodenum) using an endoscope.

  • gastroscope: An instrument for visual examination of the stomach.

  • gastroscopy: Visual examination of the stomach using a gastroscope.

  • laparoscope: A thin, lighted tube with a camera, used to examine organs inside the abdomen or pelvis.

  • laparoscopic: Pertaining to examination or surgery using a laparoscope.

  • laparoscopy: Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope.

  • proctoscope: An instrument for visual examination of the rectum and anus.

  • proctoscopy: Visual examination of the rectum and anus using a proctoscope.

  • upper GI series (UGI series): A series of X-rays used to examine the upper digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) after a patient drinks a barium solution.

• Surgical Procedures- abdominocentesis: Surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove fluid.

  • appendectomy: Surgical removal of the appendix.

  • bariatric surgery: Surgical procedures performed on the stomach or intestines to treat obesity.

  • cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

  • colectomy: Surgical removal of all or part of the colon.

  • colostomy: Surgical creation of an opening from the colon to the outside of the body.

  • gastrectomy: Surgical removal of all or part of the stomach.

  • gastrostomy: Surgical creation of an opening into the stomach.

  • ileostomy: Surgical creation of an opening from the ileum (last part of small intestine) to the outside of the body.

  • jejunostomy: Surgical creation of an opening from the jejunum (middle part of small intestine) to the outside of the body.

  • laparotomy: Surgical incision into the abdominal cavity.

• Specialties and Professions- gastroenterologist: A physician who specializes in diseases of the digestive system.

  • gastroenterology: The medical specialty concerned with diseases of the digestive system.

• Related Terms- anal: Pertaining to the anus.

  • duodenal: Pertaining to the duodenum (first part of small intestine).

  • esophageal: Pertaining to the esophagus.

  • gastric: Pertaining to the stomach.

  • gastroesophageal: Pertaining to the stomach and esophagus.

  • oral: Pertaining to the mouth.

  • pancreatic: Pertaining to the pancreas.

  • parenteral: Administered or occurring elsewhere in the body than the mouth and alimentary canal.

  • rectal: Pertaining to the rectum.

  • stoma: An artificial opening into a body cavity or organ.

  • sublingual: Under the tongue.

• Abbreviations- BE: Barium Enema

  • ERCP: Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

  • PEG: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy

  • BM: Bowel Movement

  • GERD: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

  • TPN: Total Parenteral Nutrition

  • CTC: CT Colonography

  • GI: Gastrointestinal

  • UC: Ulcerative Colitis

  • EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

  • IBS: Irritable Bowel Syndrome

  • UGI series: Upper GI Series

Page 11

• Lesson at a Glance: Eye and Ear

• Combining Forms- blephar/o: eyelid

  • audi/o: hearing, sound

  • -plegia: paralysis

  • ir/o: iris

  • myring/o: tympanic membrane (eardrum)

  • -ptosis: drooping, prolapse

  • irid/o: iris

  • ot/o: ear

  • kerat/o: cornea; hard, horny tissue

  • tympan/o: tympanic membrane (eardrum), middle ear

  • ophthalm/o: eye

  • opt/o: eye, vision

  • retin/o: retina

  • scler/o: sclera (white of eye); hard

• Eye and Ear Medical Terms and Abbreviations- Signs and Symptoms:

  • otorrhea: Discharge from the ear.

  • tinnitus: Ringing or buzzing in the ears.

  • Diseases and Disorders:

  • astigmatism (ASTI): A refractive error of the eye that prevents light from focusing properly on the retina, resulting in blurred vision.

  • blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids.

  • blepharoptosis: Drooping of the upper eyelid.

  • cataract: A clouding of the clear lens of the eye, causing a decrease in vision.

  • glaucoma: A group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to high pressure inside the eye.

  • hyperopia: Farsightedness; vision is better for distant objects than for near objects.

  • iridoplegia: Paralysis of the iris.

  • iritis: Inflammation of the iris.

  • macular degeneration: A medical condition that usually results in blurred vision or no vision in the center of the visual field.

  • myopia: Nearsightedness; vision is better for near objects than for distant objects.

  • myringitis: Inflammation of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).

  • otitis: Inflammation of the ear.

  • otitis media (OM): Inflammation of the middle ear.

  • presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss.

  • presbyopia: Age-related farsightedness, resulting in difficulty focusing on close objects.

  • retinal detachment: A condition in which the retina pulls away from the layer of blood vessels that provides it with oxygen and nutrients.

  • retinitis: Inflammation of the retina.

  • scleritis: Inflammation of the sclera (white outer layer of the eyeball).

• Diagnostic Tests and Equipment- audiometer: An instrument used to test hearing sensitivity.

  • audiometry: The process of measuring hearing sensitivity using an audiometer.

  • keratometer: An instrument used to measure the curvature of the cornea.

  • ophthalmoscope: An instrument used to examine the interior of the eye.

  • otoscope: An instrument used to examine the ear canal and tympanic membrane.

• Surgical Procedures- blepharoplasty: Surgical repair of the eyelid.

  • iridectomy: Surgical removal of a part of the iris.

  • keratoplasty: Surgical repair or replacement of the cornea (corneal transplant).

  • LASIK: Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis; a type of refractive eye surgery to correct vision problems.

  • myringoplasty: Surgical repair of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).

  • myringotomy: Surgical incision into the tympanic membrane to relieve pressure or drain fluid.

  • otoplasty: Surgical repair or reshaping of the ear.

  • tympanoplasty: Surgical repair of the tympanic membrane or middle ear.

• Specialties and Professions- audiologist: A healthcare professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing and balance disorders.

  • audiology: The study and treatment of hearing and balance disorders.

  • ophthalmologist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases and performs eye surgery.

  • ophthalmology (Ophth): The medical specialty concerned with the eye and its diseases.

  • optometrist: A healthcare professional who performs eye exams, diagnoses vision problems, and prescribes corrective lenses.

  • optometry: The profession of examining eyes for visual defects and prescribing corrective lenses.

  • otolaryngologist (ENT): A physician who specializes in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.

  • otolaryngology: The medical specialty concerned with the ear, nose, and throat.

• Related Terms- ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye.

  • optic: Pertaining to vision or the eye.

  • retinal: Pertaining to the retina.

  • scleral: Pertaining to the sclera.

  • tympanic: Pertaining to the tympanic membrane or middle ear.

• Abbreviations- AMO: Acute Middle Otitis (likely Acute suppurative otitis media, or AOM: Acute Otitis Media)

  • HOH: Hard of Hearing

  • Ophth: Ophthalmology or Ophthalmologist

  • AST: Astigmatism (sometimes)

  • IOP: Intraocular Pressure

  • VA: Visual Acuity

  • ENT: Ear, Nose, and Throat (referring to Otolaryngologist)

  • OM: Otitis Media

Page 12

• Lesson at a Glance: Musculoskeletal System

• Combining Forms- arthr/o: joint

  • oste/o: bone

  • chondr/o: cartilage

  • my/o: muscle

  • spondyl/o: vertebra, spinal column

• Signs and Symptoms- arthralgia: Joint pain.

  • atrophy: Wasting away or decrease in size of a body part, tissue, or organ.

  • bradykinesia: Slowness of movement.

  • dyskinesia: Difficulty or abnormality of movement.

  • dystrophy: Abnormal development (often muscle or tissue).

  • hypertrophy: Enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells.

  • myalgia: Muscle pain.

  • myasthenia: Muscle weakness.

• Diseases and Disorders- arthritis: Inflammation of a joint or joints.

  • bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions joints).

  • carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS): A condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist, leading to numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.

  • chondritis: Inflammation of cartilage.

  • chondromalacia: Softening of cartilage.

  • craniomalacia: Softening of the skull bones.

  • cranioschisis: A congenital fissure of the cranium; split skull.

  • fracture (Fx): A break in a bone.

  • gout: A type of arthritis characterized by severe pain, redness, and tenderness in joints, caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals.

  • hernia: A protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening in the body.

  • herniated disk: A condition in which the soft center of a spinal disk pushes through a crack in the tougher exterior casing.

  • kyphosis: An excessive outward curve of the spine, causing a hunchback.

  • lordosis: An excessive inward curvature of the spine, usually in the lumbar region (swayback).

  • Lyme disease: A bacterial infection transmitted by ticks, causing symptoms like rash, fever, and sometimes joint pain.

  • muscular dystrophy (MD): A group of inherited diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.

  • necrosis: The death of body tissue due to disease or injury.

  • osteoarthritis (OA): A common degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage breakdown and bone spur formation.

  • osteochondritis: Inflammation of bone and cartilage.

  • osteomalacia: Softening of bones, typically due to a vitamin D deficiency.

  • osteonecrosis: Death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply.

  • osteopathy: Any disease of the bone.

  • osteopenia: A condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal, but not as low as osteoporosis.

• Musculoskeletal System Medial Terms and Abbreviations- osteoporosis: A condition in which bones become weak and brittle, making them more susceptible to fractures.

• Related Terms- osteosarcoma: A malignant tumor arising from bone-forming cells.

  • carpal: Pertaining to the wrist bones.

  • plantar fasciitis: Inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue on the bottom of the foot, causing heel pain.

  • costochondral: Pertaining to the rib and cartilage.

  • rachischisis: A congenital fissure of the vertebral column; spina bifida.

  • femoral: Pertaining to the femur (thigh bone).

  • rheumatoid arthritis (RA): A chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling.

  • hypertrophic: Pertaining to hypertrophy (enlargement due to cell size increase).

  • scoliosis: A sideways curvature of the spine.

  • iliac: Pertaining to the ilium (part of the hip bone).

  • intercostal: Between the ribs.

  • intervertebral: Between the vertebrae (spinal bones).

  • intracranial: Within the skull.

  • ischiopubic: Pertaining to the ischium and pubis (parts of the hip bone).

  • phalangeal: Pertaining to the phalanges (bones of fingers/toes).

  • sternocostal: Pertaining to the sternum and ribs.

  • subcostal: Below the ribs.

  • vertebral: Pertaining to a vertebra or the spinal column.

• Diagnostic Tests and Equipment- arthrogram: An X-ray image of a joint.

  • arthroscopic: Pertaining to or performed by means of an arthroscope.

  • arthroscopy: Visual examination of the interior of a joint using an arthroscope.

  • dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA): A medical imaging technology used to measure bone mineral density (BMD).

  • electromyogram (EMG): A record of the electrical activity of muscle tissue.

  • vertebral: Pertaining to a vertebra.

• Surgical Procedures- arthrocentesis: Surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid.

  • chiropractic: A healthcare profession concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine.

  • arthrodesis: Surgical fusion of a joint.

  • orthopedics (ortho): The medical specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of disorders of the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

  • arthroplasty: Surgical repair of a joint; joint replacement.

  • orthopedist: A physician who specializes in orthopedics.

  • bursectomy: Surgical removal of a bursa.

  • bursotomy: Incision into a bursa.

• Abbreviations- carpectomy: Surgical removal of a carpal bone.

  • C1-C7: Cervical vertebrae 1-7 (bones of the neck).

  • Fx: Fracture

  • RA: Rheumatoid Arthritis

  • chondrectomy: Surgical removal of cartilage.

  • CTS: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

  • L1-L5: Lumbar vertebrae 1-5 (bones of the lower back).

  • ROM: Range of Motion

  • craniotomy: Surgical incision into the skull.

  • DC: Doctor of Chiropractic

  • MD: Muscular Dystrophy

  • T1-T12: Thoracic vertebrae 1-12 (bones of the upper back).

  • phalangectomy: Surgical removal of a phalanx (finger/toe bone).

  • DEXA: Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (same as DXA)

  • OA: Osteoarthritis

  • THA: Total Hip Arthroplasty (total hip replacement).

  • rachiotomy: Incision into the vertebral column.

  • DO: Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine

  • ortho: Orthopedics or Orthopedic

  • TKA: Total Knee Arthroplasty (total knee replacement).

  • tneodesis (typo in transcript; likely tenodesis): Surgical fixation of a tendon.

• Note: Additional terms in transcript include standard references for musculoskeletal terms; content mirrors common anatomy vocabulary.

Page 13

• Lesson at a Glance: Nervous System and Behavioral Health (Word Parts)

• Combining Forms- cerebr/o: cerebrum (largest part of brain)

  • encephal/o: brain

  • mening/o, meningi/o: meninges (membranes covering brain/spinal cord)

  • myel/o: spinal cord, bone marrow

  • phas/o: speech

  • pleg/o: paralysis

  • poli/o: gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)

  • psych/o: mind

  • quadr/i: four

• Nervous System and Behavioral Health Word Parts

• Prefixes- hemi-: half

  • micro-: small

• Suffix- -us: structure, substance, thing (common noun ending)

Page 14

• Lesson at a Glance: Eye and Ear (continued from nervous system section)

• Signs and Symptoms- aphasia: Loss of ability to understand or express speech.

  • cephalalgia: Headache.

  • dysphasia: Difficulty with speech, often due to brain injury.

  • neuralgia: Nerve pain.

  • polyarthrits (polyarthritis): Inflammation of many joints.

  • polymyalgia: Pain in several muscle groups.

  • polyneuritis: Inflammation of multiple nerves.

  • seizure (Sz): A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain.

  • syncope: Temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure; fainting.

• Diseases and Disorders- Alzheimer disease (AD): A progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior.

  • anxiety disorder: A group of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of worry, fear, or dread that are strong enough to interfere with daily activities.

  • bipolar disorder: A mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

  • cerebral thrombosis: A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel in the brain.

  • concussion: A brain injury caused by a blow to the head or a violent shaking of the head and body.

  • dementia: A general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life.

  • depression: A mental health disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.

  • encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain.

  • encephalopathy: Any disease that affects the brain's function or structure.

  • hemiplegia: Paralysis of one side of the body.

  • hydrocephalus: A condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up in the brain, causing brain enlargement and pressure.

  • meningioma: A usually benign tumor that arises from the meninges.

• Lesson 11: Nervous System and Behavioral Health (as per transcript)

• Additional terms and context (as listed in transcript)- Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges.

  • Meningocele: A protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column.

  • Meningomyelitis: Inflammation of the meninges and spinal cord.

  • Microcephalus: Abnormally small head, often associated with incomplete brain development.

  • Migraine: A severe headache accompanied by other symptoms such as throbbing pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light or sound.

  • Lumbar puncture (LP): A diagnostic procedure in which a needle is inserted into the lumbar spinal canal to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

  • Myelogram: An X-ray image of the spinal cord and spinal nerves after injection of a contrast medium.

  • Myelography: The process of taking an X-ray image of the spinal cord and spinal nerves using a contrast medium.

• Surgical Procedures- Epidural nerve block: An injection of an anesthetic or anti-inflammatory medication into the epidural space (the area around the spinal cord and nerves) to relieve pain.

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS): A chronic, often progressive disease in which the immune system attacks the protective myelin sheath that covers nerve fibers, causing communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body. (Note: This is a condition, not a procedure).

  • Neuropathy: Any disease of the nerves.

  • Paraplegia: Paralysis that affects the lower half of the body (legs and sometimes torso).

  • Parkinson disease (PD): A progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement, often including tremor.

  • Poliomyelitis: A viral disease that can lead to paralysis but is now largely preventable by vaccination.

  • Psychopathy: A mental disorder characterized by an antisocial personality, often involving a lack of empathy and remorse.

• Specialties and Professions- Neurologist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.

  • Psychosis: A severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality.

  • Quadriplegia: Paralysis of all four limbs (arms and legs).

  • Sciatica: Pain radiating along the sciatic nerve, which runs down one or both legs from the lower back.

  • Stroke: A sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, causing brain cell death; also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH): Bleeding into the subarachnoid space (the area between the brain and the surrounding membrane).

  • Transient ischemic attack (TIA): A mini-stroke; a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke, but without permanent damage.

  • neurology: The medical specialty concerned with the nervous system and its disorders.

  • psychiatrist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

  • psychologist: A mental health professional who studies the mind and behavior, often providing psychotherapy.

  • psychology: The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context.

• Diagnostic Tests and Equipment- cerebral angiography: A diagnostic procedure that uses X-rays to visualize blood vessels in the brain after injecting a contrast medium.

  • electroencephalogram (EEG): A record of the electrical activity of the brain.

  • electroencephalograph: The instrument used to record the electroencephalogram.

  • electroencephalography: The process of recording the electrical activity of the brain.

• Related Terms- cerebral: Pertaining to the cerebrum or brain.

  • neural: Pertaining to a nerve or the nervous system.

  • psychogenic: Originating in the mind or caused by mental factors.

• Abbreviations- AD: Alzheimer Disease

  • CVA: Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)

  • ADHD: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

  • EEG: Electroencephalogram

  • ADL, ADLs: Activities of Daily Living

  • CNS: Central Nervous System

  • MS: Multiple Sclerosis

  • CP: Cerebral Palsy

  • OCD: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  • CSF: Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • PD: Parkinson Disease

  • PNS: Peripheral Nervous System

  • PTSD: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

  • SAH: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

  • Sz: Seizure

  • TIA: Transient Ischemic Attack

Page 15

• Lesson at a Glance: Endocrine System (Word Parts)

• Combining Forms- adrenal/o: adrenal gland (endocrine gland).

  • glyc/o: sugar, glucose

  • -ism: condition, disease, doctrine

  • crin/o: to secrete

  • thym/o: thymus gland (endocrine gland)

  • dips/o: thirst

  • thyroid/o: thyroid gland (endocrine gland)

• Endocrine System Medical Terms and Abbreviations

• Signs and Symptoms- adrenomegaly: Enlargement of the adrenal gland.

  • hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar level.

  • hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar level.

  • polydipsia: Excessive thirst.

  • polyuria: Excessive urination.

• Diseases and Disorders- acromegaly: A hormonal disorder that results from too much growth hormone in adulthood, causing enlargement of bones in the face, hands, and feet.

  • Addison disease: A disorder caused by adrenal glands producing too little cortisol and often too little aldosterone.

  • adenoma: A benign tumor formed from glandular tissue.

  • adrenalitis: Inflammation of the adrenal gland.

  • diabetes mellitus (DM): A metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar due to problems with insulin production or utilization.

  • endocrinopathy: Any disease involving an endocrine gland.

  • goiter: An abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.

  • Graves disease: An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).

  • hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland that produces too much thyroid hormone.

  • hypothyroidism: An underactive thyroid gland that produces too little thyroid hormone.

  • metabolic syndrome: A cluster of conditions — increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels — that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

  • thymoma: A tumor of the thymus gland.

  • thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland.

• Diagnostic Tests and Equipment- fasting blood sugar (FBS): A blood glucose test taken after overnight fasting to check for diabetes.

  • fine needle aspiration (FNA): A type of biopsy procedure where a thin needle is inserted into an area of abnormal tissue or a lump to extract cells for examination.

  • glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c): A blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months; used to diagnose and monitor diabetes.

• Surgical Procedures- adrenalectomy: Surgical removal of an adrenal gland.

  • thymectomy: Surgical removal of the thymus gland.

  • thyroidectomy: Surgical removal of the thyroid gland.

• Specialties and Professions- endocrinologist: A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system.

  • endocrinology: The medical specialty concerned with the endocrine system and its disorders.

• Related Terms- endocrine: Pertaining to glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

  • glycemia: The presence of glucose in the blood.

  • thymic: Pertaining to the thymus gland.

• Abbreviations- DM: Diabetes Mellitus

  • HbA1c: Glycosylated Hemoglobin

  • FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar

  • T1DM: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

  • FNA: Fine Needle Aspiration

  • T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus