مادة السيڤيلايزيشن

Civilization Final Revision Guide

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Page 1

• Title Page of Civilization Final Revision

• Intended for: Third Year Students, Faculty of Arts, English Department

• Contact Details Provided

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Page 2: The Age of William Shakespeare (1558-1625)

1. Non-Dramatic Verse

• Question 1: Discuss the Elizabethan and Jacobean ages regarding poetry.

  • Time Period: 1558 to 1625

  • Significance: The Elizabethan age is recognized for its extensive contributions to literature, particularly poetry, fostering a vibrant intellectual atmosphere characterized by the renaissance and reformation.

  • Cultural Influence: The discovery of new lands and tales ignited fresh ideas, leading to internal peace and strong patriotism towards England, reflected in literature during Shakespeare's era.

  • Key Poets: Early contributions are noted, with Spenser’s Shepheardes Calender marking the literary golden age. Thomas Sackville is recognized for his noteworthy poetry in the early years.

Page 4: The Golden Age of English Drama

Question 2: Drama

• Importance: Both the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods are heralded as the heights of English drama.

  • Conflict in Drama Styles:

    • Classical (Senecan) Drama: Scholars like Sir Philip Sidney advocated for a drama based strictly on classical traditions showing unity of subject and adherence to its three unities.

    • Romantic (Shakespearean) Drama: Emerging playwrights favored dynamic plots, subplots, and a departure from strict classical unities, aligning with public tastes.

  • Shakespearean drama allows thematic variety and greater action, marking its distinctiveness in this period.

Page 6: The Prose of the Late 16th and Early 17th Century

Question 3: Prose Development

• Prose fiction flourished during Shakespeare's time.

  • Influence of Translation: Translators introduced Spanish and Italian romances that shaped English prose and dramatists.

  • Experimental Styles: John Lyly’s Euphues reflects the ornate style of the period, focusing on moralistic discourses despite plot simplicity.

  • Notable Works:

    • Sir Philip Sidney’s Arcadia merges chivalry and pastoral storytelling.

    • Thomas Nashe’s The Unfortunate Traveller introduces realism with elements of the picaresque novel.

Page 7: Intellectual Prose in Shakespeare's Age

Bacon and His Essays

• Francis Bacon: An influential figure in shaping intellectual prose.

  • Bacon's essays are noted for their wise insights and epigrammatic style.

  • Works reflecting diverse interests include Bacon's History of the Reign of Henry VII and travel literature from Richard Hakluyt.

  • Richard Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity and the Authorized Version of the Bible showcase theological impacts.

Page 8: The Age of Milton (1625-1660)

Question 4: Caroline and Metaphysical Poets

• Overview of Puritanism's growth and Milton's contribution to literature.

  • Puritanism: Stressed moral principles against Roman Catholicism under Charles I’s reign.

  • Milton's Life: Background in a cultured Puritan home; achievements amid personal challenges like blindness.

  • Noteworthy Works: Major poems include Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes highlighting his legacy.

Page 11: The Age of Dryden (1660-1700)

Part I: Poetry

• Question 6: Poetry Characteristics

  • Restoration Context: Marked by reactions against Puritanism, introducing themes of corruption and moral ambivalence.

  • Literature’s Nature: Transition from imaginative to intellectual expressions; characterized by satire, political themes, and utilitarian perspectives.

Page 20: Literature of the Victorian Age (1837)

Question 20: Characteristics of Nineteenth Century Literature

• Context: Rise of skepticism, religious uncertainty, and a shift towards realism in literature.

  • Carlyle, Ruskin, Arnold: Notable figures who impacted literary styles and philosophical thought.

  • Tennyson and Browning: Marked the era’s poetic landscape with emphasis on emotional depth and intellectual engagement.

  • Charles Dickens: Humanitarian themes in novels like A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectations

  • Thackeray and George Eliot: Satirical and moral explorations in works reflecting societal complexities.

Page 52: The Victorian Novel

Prose Development and Review Movement

• Emphasis on Prose: Shift towards essay writing and the establishment of literary reviews.

  • Key Contributors: Include influential critics like Francis Jeffrey and William Hazlitt shaping literary criticism.

  • Charles Dickens and Thackeray: Explorations of society through humanitarian and satirical lenses, respectively.