Ap World Modern Unit 5

UNIT 5 PARTS 1-2: “The Enlightenment” & “Nationalism and Revolutions”

1. How did artwork contribute to the French Revolution?

It was good visuals with people making propaganda showing how the third estate is carrying everyone

2. What is absolutism?

The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical or theological matters. 

3. Which of the Atlantic revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s served MOST directly to undermine slavery in the Americas

Haitian Revolution

4. Which countries unified their people into a new nation or new identity during the 19th and early 20th Centuries?

Haiti, Puerto Rico, and Cuba

5. Describe Latin America AFTER the revolutions that took place there

Haiti was able to become an independent country. Puerto Rico and Cuba were successful in becoming Spain’s final two countries.  

6. Describe the movement to abolish slavery in the Atlantic world
   Abolitionism was the movement to end the Atlantic Slave trade, and free all enslaved people. As Industrialization became more useful slavery started to decrease in Europe.  

7. Compare AND contrast the French Revolution and the American Revolution 

Both:  

• Created an Important Document of Rights that everyone had (Declaration of Independence, and Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen)

• Against the British

• Both were based on Enlightenment ideas

French Revolution: 

• Under the Jacobins

• Long war until Napoleon took over.

• France was very poor after helping America with Independence. 

American Revolution: 

• Had Class Distinctions ( Depending on the Money) 

• Anti-mercantilism

• Got Help From France to Gain Independence. 

8. How are the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen similar?

They are similar as they show the rights that all citizens have, and the government should respect those rights. 

9. Describe the ideas/beliefs associated with the Enlightenment 

With Enlightenment people believed in reason instead of faith, and it was based on the knowledge people were given and researching about.

10. Know the following individuals and their beliefs:

    1. John Locke 

Argued that people had natural rights to life liberty and pursuit of property, meaning via the social contract people can rebel against unjust government. 

2. Thomas Hobbes 

Argued that Life was harsh and bleak, so people gave up rights to a strong government for law and order via the social contract. 

3. Baron Montesquieu 

Idea of Checks and Balances through the separation of the branches of government. (3 Branches of the Government)

4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 

Idea that people have a collective “General Will” and so the government is obliged to follow it. 

11. Describe the ideology of nationalists 

A Strong Sense of pride in one’s culture , ethnic group, and country. They were the people who developed a new sense of commonality of language, religion, and social customs and territory. 

12. What were the causes of the French Revolution?

• France was Poor after many wars, (Spending more than they needed) 

• France called Estates-General to try and fix its problems

• The Estates-General was made up of the Clergy,nobility, and commoners

• Commoners made 97% of French Society, but did not make 97% of the Estates-General. 

13. What were the causes of the American Revolution?

• After the war with France, British Authorities looked to make up for monetary losses in the American colonies through the use of taxes and tariffs. 

•  British was exercising its imperial power without offering American Colonies representation in the British Society

• American colonies were upset and wanted to split from the British with the ideas of Enlightenment. 

14. How did Enlightenment ideas affect European society?

• Caused many wars, from America, and the French. 

• Caused several Revolutions

• Started the decline of the Slavery. 

15. What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe with regards to women and rights?

• She believed that Women are only inferior to men because they lack education. 

16. Compare AND contrast the Haitian Revolution and the American Revolution 

Both: 

• Encouraged by Enlightenment Ideas

17. Compare AND contrast the Haitian Revolution and the French Revolution 

Both:  

• Encouraged by enlightenment Ideas that said men had natural rights

• Revolutionaries felt restricted by social classes

  Haitian:

• They were  led by slaves with no prior power. 

18. Describe how Otto von Bismarck practiced realpolitik 

He Practiced it based on Concerns rather than theory or ethics. 

19. Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar worked together to liberate which country?

Established Gran Colombia

20. Which revolutionary leader’s efforts resulted in the creation of the first independent state in Latin America?

Simon Bolivar

21. How did Napoleon’s wars benefit the creoles?

Napoleon’s invasions weakened the spanish government, and gave the creoles the opportunity to start independence movements and gain freedom (?)

22. How did the ideas of the Enlightenment challenge the long-term assumptions about sovereignty?

It caused people to think about the separation of powers in the government. 

23. Describe Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power 

He had won some battles in a war they were fighting, people liked him during the revolution, and he took power, and kept winning wars so the people kept him there for a while.

I recommend watching Oversimplified Napoleonic Wars

24. The FIRST European power to abolish the slave trade was?

• Denmark-Norway first, and then Britain (Looked it up)

25. What did Napoleon support AND oppose about the French Revolution?

26. The LAST country to abolish slavery was?
    Turkey/the ottoman empire, or Sweden (Looked it up)

27. Describe the social effects of Latin America’s wars of independence 

Although the constitutions of the newly independent countries in Latin America legally ended some social distinctions and abolished slavery, governments were often conservative. Women also gained little from the revolutions in Latin America. They were still unable to vote or enter contracts. They also received little education and most remained submissive to men.

UNIT 5 PARTS 3, 4, & 5: “Industrial Revolution Begins,” “Industrialization Spreads,” & 

“Technology In the Industrial Age”

1. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain enjoyed cheap and quick transportation because of its?
   Many rivers and access to the sea. They had an abundance of river networks so they could enjoy it being inexpensive because they had a channel of rivers so they could import raw materials and export the finished products. 

2. What was the relationship between the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in Western Europe in the period 1750-1900?
   They were relatively parallel in growth

3. Why did industrialization begin in Great Britain?

•  Abundance of coal

  •  geographic lack of being located atop immense coal deposits.(coal was vital to industrialization because when burned it could power the steam engine.)

• Rivers provided water power and means of transporting resources and final goods

  • located on the Atlantic Ocean with its many seaways, the country was well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods. 

• Access to the sea (transportation of goods)

  •   a natural network of rivers supplemented by publicly funded canals and harbors

  •  had the world's strongest fleet of ships, including naval ships for defense and commercial ships for trade.

• Skilled and educated workforce

• Britain also had access to resources available in its colonies, including timber for ships

• Stable Government 

4. Describe the social consequences associated with industrialization
   - Industrialization led to rapid urbanization as people moved to cities for factory jobs, resulting in overcrowded, poor living conditions. 

- Factory workers faced long hours, low wages, and dangerous conditions, prompting labor movements for reforms unsanitary and

cramped living conditions

- The wealth gap grew between factory owners and workers, while a new middle class emerged.

- However, industrialization also caused environmental harm, with increased pollution and deforestation.

5. Why was France’s industrialization process delayed?
   France had sparsely populated urban centers, which limited the amount of labor available for factories(Small population (no one to really work in factories)). Also, the French Revolutionand subsequent wars involving France and its neighbors

6. Why was Germany’s industrialization process delayed until after 1871?
   Germany was politically fragmented into numerous small states, which delayed its industrialization

7. Which country emerged as the leading industrial force by 1900?
   The united states 

8. What were the MAIN innovations of the FIRST Industrial Revolution?
   Steam engine,Internal combustion engine, Railroads, Ships, Factories

9. What were the MAIN innovations of the SECOND Industrial Revolution?
   Chemicals, Steel, Precision Machinery, ElectronicsCommunication Devices like the telephone and radio

10. How did the Industrial Revolution impact water transportation?
    Steamships changed sailing by using coal-powered engines, making energy production more mobile and reliable.

- Unlike wind-powered ships, steam engines could be turned on and off as needed, allowing ships to travel without relying on the wind.
- Steam-powered boats could even travel upstream on rivers, making travel faster.
-Over time, steamships replaced sailing ships for long-distance travel. -Coaling stations, where ships could refuel, became important at key points along trade routes, like Cape Colony in South Africa and islands in the Pacific.

11. What became “the strong and versatile backbone of the industrial society?”
    Steel

12. Know the effects of the following individuals on the Industrial Revolution:

    1. Thomas Edison

The lightbulb…

2. Alexander Graham Bell: The telephone
   Finally, a patent for the telephone was issued to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. Early phone systems were notoriously low in quality, but Thomas Edison's 1886 design of a refined voice transmitter made telephone use more practical. 

3. Henry Cort
   But in 1794, Englishman Henry Cort patented the process for making the less strong but much more workable wrought iron. Each was a valuable component in transportation and industry, but greater improvements were still to come. 

4. Gugliemo Marconi :Radio
   Radio developed after the experiments of Italian physicist Gugliemo Marconi. In 1901, he was able to send and receive a radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean. After further refinements and inventions, radio became a form of popular mass media with an impact unlike any previously seen. 

5. Henry Bessemer
   The mass production of steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, became possible with the introduction of the Bessemer Process in 1856. This process involved blasting the molten metal with air as a means of removing impurities as well as helping keep the metal from solidifying. Over the years, Bessemer's innovation was refined and improved, allowing steel to become the strong and versatile backbone of the industrial society.

6. Joseph Swan
   Joseph Swan was an English inventor and chemist, best known for developing the incandescent light bulb around the same time as Thomas Edison. He patented his design in 1878, using carbonized paper filaments. Though Edison’s version became more famous, Swan played a key role in the development of electric lighting. 

7. James Watt
   The version of the steam engine made by James Watt in 1765 provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories. Within 50 years, steam was producing power for steam powered trains. 

8. Eli Whitney
   In 1798, inventor Eli Whitney created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms for the U.S. military. In Whitney's system, if a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part. Entrepreneurs adapted this method of making firearms to the manufacture of other products. The system of interchangeable parts was a pivotal contribution to industrial technology. 

9. Samuel Colt 
   Samuel Colt was an American inventor and industrialist, best known for inventing the revolver in 1836, a firearm with a revolving cylinder that could hold multiple rounds. His invention revolutionized the gun industry and contributed to the expansion of firearms in both civilian and military use.
   
   

13. Describe Russia’s industrialization process
    State-sponsored industrialization, particularly in Russia, focused heavily on expanding railroads, like the Trans-Siberian Railroad, which connected Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. This made trade with East Asia, China, and Japan more accessible. Industries such as coal, iron, and steel grew rapidly, but despite these advancements, most of Russia's economy remained agricultural until the 1917 revolution, when more profound changes took place.

14. Describe India’s industrialization process
    India's industrialization was greatly affected by British colonial rule. The British controlled India's textile industry, making it difficult for local production to grow. They also limited access to resources like iron and steel, preventing India from developing these industries. After independence in 1947, India started focusing on industrial growth, especially in sectors like steel and coal, but the effects of colonialism slowed down the process until the mid-20th century.

15. What did Western powers believe should be the role of subject people in modernization?
    support and provide resources for the economic growth and industrialization of the imperial powers. 

16. How did the enclosure movement contribute to the Industrial Revolution?
    the enclosure movement as the government fenced off the commons to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land. Many farmers became landless and destitute. The enclosure movement was thus instrumental in a wave of demographic change-forcing small farmers to move from rural areas to urban areas such as Manchester and Liverpool. The people who moved then became the workforce for the new and growing industries.

17. How did the Second Industrial Revolution create a global economy?
    the Second Industrial Revolution witnessed the expansion of

electricity, petroleum and steel

18. During the time of industrialization, labor unions used strikes MAINLY to?
    During industrialization, labor unions used strikes mainly to demand better working conditions, higher wages, and shorter working hours. Strikes were a way for workers to protest against poor conditions, low pay, and long hours in factories.
    
    

19. How did the Industrial Revolution impact the Urban Working Class?

-   Suffered most and benefited least from the transformations that took place during the Industrial Revolution

• Low wages, unsafe working conditions, long working hours, and unsanitary and

• cramped living conditions

20. Which social class can be said to have benefited the MOST from industrialization in Europe and North America?
    the middle class/bourgeoisie

21. Which substance emerged as a new energy source as this time period neared its end in 1900?
    electricity?

UNIT 5 PART 6: “Industrialization: Government’s Role”

1. Why was the Ottoman Empire referred to as “the sick man of Europe” during this time period?

• They did not adopt Western enlightenment ideas of technology, leaving them behind the rest of the Western world.

• Corruption led to decline

• Nationalism spread unrest.

2. In which country was a Socialist political party, inspired by the teachings of Karl Marx, able to seize power in the 20th Century?

Russia

3. Describe Muhammad Ali’s reforms in Egypt during this time period

They aimed to modernize Egypt across various sectors.

His reforms included:

• The introduction of cash crops

• Industrialization

• The creation of a conscripted army.

4. Between 1600 and 1854, Japan had very little contact with the rest of the world, but that contact greatly increased after 1854. Why did that change occur?

• The overthrowing of the shogun led to the Meiji Restoration which made Japan a more centralized and modern nation. 

• Japan recognized the need for modernization to fight off western powers.

• The arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry exposed the technological disparity between Japan and Western powers, helping Japan realize that modernization was needed.

• They also became aware of the advancements occurring in Western powers, and they didn’t want to fall behind. 

5. Describe the reforms that were implemented in Japan as a result of the Meiji Restoration

• Establishment of constitutional monarchy based on the Prussian model. 

• Abolished feudalism.

• Established equality before the law and abolished cruel punishments.

• Reorganized the military based on the Prussian army.

• Created a new school system that expanded educational opportunities.

• Built railroads and roads.

• Subsidized industrialization.

6. How did the Meiji government promote industrialization?

• The end of feudalism: Created a more unified and centralized state.

• Education reforms: Laid the groundwork for a strong workforce.

• Infrastructure development: Facilitated the transportation of goods, people, and information across the country.

• Industrial policies: Encouraged the establishment of factories.

• Military modernization: The need for a strong military drove technological advancements.

• Foreign expertise: Hired foreign advisors and sent students abroad to study industrial techniques, technology and governance.

• Legal and Institutional reforms: Enacted to create a conducive environment for industrial development.

• Imperialistic Expansion: Provided access to additional resources and markets. 

7. Describe the creation and ownership of the Suez Canal 

The Suez Canal was constructed to provide a direct maritime route between Europe and Asia. The Canal was initially owned by French and British investors, but when Egypt faced financial troubles, Britain increased its influence and purchased the shares of the Canal.

8. Describe Russia at the beginning of the 20th Century 

Russia had no national parliament, no legal political parties, and no nationwide elections. Society was dominated by titled nobility.

9. How did industrialization in Europe and the United States DIFFER from industrialization in Russia?

In Europe and the United States industrialization happened because society wanted new opportunities, but in Russia it was initiated by the state itself. 

10. Describe the goals of Commodore Matthew Perry 

Matthew Perry wanted Japan to trade with the Western powers. 

11. In which country was industrialization associated with a violent social revolution?

Russia

UNIT 5 PARTS 7 & 8: “Economic Developments and Innovations” & “Reactions To The Industrial Economy” 

1. Describe the DIFFERENCE in beliefs between Adam Smith and Karl Marx 

Adam is focused on lazy capitalism, he believes in a hands off economy. Karl Marx however is almost the opposite, he believes the government should be in charge of the distribution, production, and exchange of their economy, he believes that this way the social classes will start to even out, and become better eventually leading to communism.

• Adam: Hands off government

• Adam: Individuals owning the process

• Adam: Free Market

• Karl: Hands on government

• Karl: Government being in charge of each step of the economy

• Karl: Opposed to social classes; the working class, and the bourgeoisie

2. What incentive did joint-stock companies offer shareholders?
   Less risk, and more profits because the expeditions would be larger

3. Describe the Ottoman Empire’s Tanzimat reforms
   They were fast reforms to try and catch up to the industrialized world. They turned away from religion based government, and gave some more rights to the guys, however the women gained nothing, but because shariah law went away they lost a little bit of rights.

4. Unilever and Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Company are prime examples of?
   Transnational companies

5. Describe the relationship between Socialism and Communism
   Communism is a more radical socialism

6. Describe mercantilism
   Countries try to export more than import so that they can build up their bullion (gold and silver) so that their country is the wealthiest and can afford what they want. The government is hands on in this form.

7. Who is considered the “Father of modern economics?”
   Adam Smith (the most basic name thought of)

8. According to the laissez faire approach, under what conditions should the government interfere in business/the economy?
   The Government should only approach business when people steal private property. They should interfere to protect private property.

9. According to the laissez faire approach, who/what determines how much of each product/good should be produced?
   The supply and demand of the economy coming from the people.

10. How did workers in laboring classes react to the harsh realities of industrial life?
    They looked to unions to try and negotiate for better conditions

11. Describe the reforms that came about as a result of the Industrial Revolution
    After the initial surge of working hours, the unions negotiated and got: shorter work weeks, shorter work days, better pay/minimum wage, better working conditions

12. Describe Capitalism
    It’s a hands off approach to the economy from the government. They let the economy determine the prices and what is needed to be made. 

13. In which year AND with which Amendment to the U.S. Constitution did women in the United States gain the right to vote?
    19th amendment in 1920

14. How did governments generally feel about unions during the Industrial Age?
    They thought that they were anti-trade, and did not like them because they were shortening profits in their eyes.

15. Why was the success of the reforms of China’s “Self-Strengthening Movement” limited during this time period?
    The success was limited due to internal resistance, bureaucratic inefficiencies.

UNIT 5 PART 9: “Society and the Industrial Age”

1. Describe urban areas during the first half of the 19th Century 

Cities swelled with migrants seeking employment in growing industries, which led to the quality of life lessening for city dwellers (unsanitary living conditions, overcrowding, disease epidemics, pollution)

2. What were the results/effects of the spread of industrialization in Great Britain?

As industrialization spread, new classes of society emerged 

• Working class: labored in factories/coal mines

• Middle class: factory/office managers, small business owners, and professionals

• Top of the new class hierarchy were industrialists and owners of large corporations

3. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, which group of people emerged at the top of the new class hierarchy as the power brokers and leaders of modern society?

Industrialists + owners of large corporations

4. How did factory life affect people’s lives?

Before industrialization, family members worked in close proximity to each other. Industrialization disrupted this pattern because industrial machinery was used in large factories, making it impossible for people to work from home. So, individuals were forced to leave their homes/neighborhoods for long workdays in order to earn enough money to survive.

5. Which group of people were the PRIMARY laborers in textile factories during the Industrial Revolution?

Working-class women

6. How did advertising and the consumer culture of the late 1800s contribute to a “cult of domesticity?”

(cult of domesticity was where women were seen as the moral compass of the family/guardians of domestic virtues) Advertising encouraged women to buy household products that would supposedly make the home a husband’s place of respite from a harsh modern world. Pamphlets instructed middle-class women on how to care for the home, raise children, and urged them to be pious, submissive, pure and domestic.

7. Describe the legacy of the Industrial Revolution 

• Mass production made goods cheaper and more abundant 

• People moved to cities, which caused crowding and crime

• Workplace shifted from home to factories, which changes family life

• Environmental degradation (air pollution, water pollution, smoke)

• Global inequalities spread (industrialized states overtook non-industrialized nations)

• Imperialism (desire for colonization to find resources) grew

UNIT 5 PART 10: “Continuity and Change In the Industrial Age”

1. Compare AND contrast the industrialization process in Japan with the industrialization process in Egypt 

Similarities:

-Involvement of government in industrialization efforts: the Meiji Restoration was heavily influenced by the Japanese government, while  Muhummad Ali Pasha led the efforts for Egypt

-Motivations for industrialization: both wanted to protect themselves from foreign actors and external threats, as well as improve the empire

Differences: 

-Pace of industrialization: Japan had a much more rapid process of industrialization compared to Egypt, who took a slower route

-Differing Methods: Muhummad Ali Pasha used methods such as heavy taxation to stimulate growth, which was not popular with the people. Japan turned to foreign advisors, which was a less disruptive method 

2. What were continuities during the Industrial Age?

-Societies during this time changed and evolved, with governmental and economic systems being radically transformed or completely abolished. A shift towards more freedom-based government was observed in most industrialized countries, while worker’s rights were also developed around the world.

3. What were the economic changes that took place during the Industrial Age?

Industrialization led to a shift from mostly agrarian economies to manufacturing-based ones.  Mercantilism declined and was replaced by capitalism, with entrepreneurs and corporations emerging and starting companies and other endeavors.

4. What were the social changes that took place during the Industrial Age?

Classes-- including the working, middle, and upper class--formed and grew in cities. These classes represented one’s economic and social ranking, with the working class being treated very poorly.

5. What were the political changes that took place during the Industrial Age?

The emergence of the middle class weakened the power of the traditional aristocracy, and allowed for private citizens to have a stake in important projects through investing for the first time.

6. Which country implemented the MOST comprehensive set of social reforms to protect industrial workers during this time period?

Germany (?)