absenteeism

church officeholders ignored their duties and hired people who were sometimes not appropriately qualified; complaints about ignorance became widespread

Act of Supremacy

Established Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as supreme heads of the church of England, excluded Pope

Anabaptists

Wanted complete separation of church and state in Protestant reformation... government not even supposed to execrise power over real Christians; advertised adult rather than infant baptism; radical reformers; interpreted Lord's Supper as remembrance

Anne Boleyn

Wife of Henry VIII - mother of Elizabeth, beheaded by husband.

Anne of Cleves

Wife of Henry VIII - German princess, not satisfied with physical appearance and divorced her.

Book of Common Prayer

a new Protestant prayer book during young Edward's reign in England

cantons

thirteen self-governing states that were part of the Swiss Confederation, theoretically they were part of the Holy Roman Empire but had become virtually independent

Catherine Howard

Wife of Henry VIII - committed adultery, had her beheaded.

Catherine of Aragon

Wife of Henry VIII - made new church and divorced b/c she produced no sons

Catherine Parr

Wife of Henry VIII - outlived Henry

Catholic Reformation

mixture of old and new Catholic elements; Jesuits emerged

Charles V

(1519-1566) elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, dealt with French (rivalry with Valois king of France, Francis I... possession of land... Habsburg-Valois Wars), the Papacy (their alliance with Valois king), the Turks (overrunning Hungary, Austria) and the Lutheran problem in Germany

Christian Humanism

aka Northern Renaissance Humanism, focused on sources of Early Christianity; most important characteristic was its reform program; belief in power of education

Diet of Worms

imperial diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles V. It was held at the Heylshof Garden in Worms, then an Imperial Free City of the Empire.

Erasmus

(1466-1536) Popularized the reform program of Christian Humanism, most influential of Christian humanists; emphasized inner piety and deemphasized external sources of religion

Erasmus's The Praise of Folly

Written in 1511, reform meant spreading understanding of inner piety and understanding the abuses of the church... this book made such ideas evident; criticized church's abuses in society

Geneva

where Calvin took up a ministry, success allowed the city to become a vibrant center of Protestantism

Gustavus Vasa

overthrew Christian II of Denmark after Denmark, Norway and Sweden were united, became king of independent Sweden and took the lead in establishing a Lutheran Reformation in his country... by the 1530's the Swedish Lutheran Nation Church had been created

Indulgence controversy

Pope Leo X issued the sale of special indulgence to support the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica; Luther offered his 95 theses, explain abuses of church in sale of indulgences; Leo did not take it seriously so the controversy was on-going; theses were translated and spread

Jane Seymour

Wife of Henry VIII - produced son but died 12 days later.

Jesuits

Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius of Loyola; determined to carry Catholic banner and fight Protestantism

Johann Tetzel

reacted to Pope Leo X's indulgences, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

John Calvin

(1509-1564) second generation Protestant reformer; experiences a religious crisis of God bringing his mind to a teachable frame, convinced of inner guidance of God; Calvinism

Marburg Colloquy

an attempt to resolve the differences between Zwinglian and Lutheran faiths to create a strong alliance against the Holy Roman Empire; Zwingli believed the Lord's Supper was only a meal of remembrance, Jesus was not actually present in bread and wine; Luther believed his spirit was present in the bread and wine; failed to reach agreement

Martin Luther

Born in 1483, a deeply religious man, asked the question "What must I do to be saved?". His unusual answer led to the Reformation.. achieved no certainty through time as monk and Catholic Church. Believed humans were saved by faith in the promises of God, not good works

Menno Simons

(1496-1561) man most responsible for rejuvenating Dutch Anabaptism, dedicated his life to the spread of peaceful Anabaptism... followers became known as Mennonites

millenarianism

belief in future of blessedness after the Second Coming of Christ; Anabaptists believed in this and prepared for it in Munster

Munster

Anabaptists took hold of this city, burned all books except the Bible, "New Jerusalem", Jesus' Second Coming; Army of Catholics and Lutherans recaptured the city and executed leaders

Peace of Augsburg

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V attempted to settle Lutheran problem in Germany at this event in 1530, Charles wounded up demanding that Lutherans return to Catholic Church.

Philip II

King of Spain, "the Most Catholic King", wanted to make Spain a dominant power in Europe

pluralism

high church officials held more than one office for the purpose of increasing their revenue. This led to absenteeism.

Pope Clement VII

(1523-1534) joined the side of Francis I in the second Habsburg-Valois war in dear of Charles V's powers in Italy; posed threat to Charles; more concerned with politics than religion

predestination

Calvin's idea that God had predestined some people to be saves and others to be damned. Three tests that might indicate possible salvation

Protestant Education

adopted classical emphasis of humanists schools but broadened base of people people being educated; all children were educated with public money

Saint Bartholomew's Day

French Calvinists massacred by Duke of Guise (ultra Catholics) in 1562, created French Wars of Religion

salvation by faith

primary doctrine of Protestant Reformation (also known as justification by grace of faith)

Schmalkaldic League

An alliance of Protestant German states; fearful of Charles V's intentions after Peace of Augsburg, they created this defensive alliance. Vowed to assist each other when attacked.

Suleiman the Magnificent

(1520-1566) A threat to Charles V (Holy Roman Emporer), ruled the Ottoman Turks... killed King Louis of Hungary, Charles' brother-in-law... Turks overran Hungary and Austria... posed threat to Holy Roman Empire

The Edict of Nantes

signed by Henry IV, agreement to tolerate Protestants and end French Wars of Religion

The Edict of Worms

After Luther did not recant his beliefs at the Diet of Worms, this edict made Martin Luther an outlaw in the empire, burned his works and captured Martin Luther

The Peasant's War, 1524

German peasants did not see economic gain like everyone else, looked for support in Martin Luther but radical Thomas Müntzer flamed peasants against their rulers, revolt erupted in Southwestern Germany in 1524; Luther had princes kill peasants, Luther supported the rulers b/c it helped him with Reformation

the Protestant Minister and Family

no more celibacy, allowed to have children and marry

the sacraments

A Catholic's chief means of receiving God's grace

Thomas a Kempis' Imitation of Christ

"truly at the day of judgment we shall not be examined by what we have read, but what we have done; not how well we have spoken, but how religiously we have lived"

Thomas More

(1478-1535) lord chancellor of England, became an intimate friend with Erasmus; despite governmental career he had spiritual and intellectual interests

Thomas More's Utopia

written in 1516, utopia means "nowhere" in Greek; an account of an idealistic life on an imaginary island; reflects More's concerns with the economic, social and political problems of his day; in book, cooperation and reason replaced power and fame, communal ownership rather than private property

transubstantiation

doctrine denied by Martin Luther... regarding the Lord's Supper, Luther didn't believe that the substance of bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) Product of Swiss forest cantons, influenced by Christian humanism; became cathedral priest... through his preachings he started the Reformation in Switzerland; disagreed greatly with Luther on the subject of the Last Supper