chapter_5_learning___1_

Page 1

• Copyright Information

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  • No reproduction or distribution without prior consent

Page 2: Learning Theory

• Definition of Learning:

  • A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

• Major Forms of Learning:

  • Behaviorism

  • Associative learning

  • Conditioning

  • Observational learning

Page 3: Types of Learning

• Three Basic Types:

  • Classical Conditioning

  • Operant Conditioning

  • Social Learning

Page 4: Ivan Pavlov

• Historical Figure:

  • Founder of Classical Conditioning

  • Notable for research on digestion and awarded Nobel Prize

Page 5: Classical Conditioning

• Definition:

  • A learning type where one stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus.

Page 6: Components of Classical Conditioning

• Key Elements:

  • Neutral Stimulus (NS)

  • Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

  • Unconditioned Response (UR)

  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

  • Conditioned Response (CR)

Page 7: Pavlov's Experiment

• Before Conditioning:

  • US (Food) → UR (Salivation)

  • NS (Bell) → No Salivation

• During Conditioning:

  • NS + US → UR

• After Conditioning:

  • CS (Bell) → CR (Salivation)

Page 8: Pavlov’s Experiments

• Overview of Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning and its foundational experiments.

Page 9: Process of Classical Conditioning

• NS: Tone

• UCS: Meat Powder → UCR: Salivation

• After Conditioning:

  • CS: Tone → CR: Salivation

Page 10: Classical Conditioning Trials

• Trial Definition:

  • Presentation of NS and US

• Generally a gradual process requiring several trials, but one-trial conditioning is possible.

Page 11: Acquisition in Classical Conditioning

• Definition: Initial learning of association.

• Example: Personal experience associating onion breath with happiness.

Page 12: Extinction and Recovery

• Extinction:

  • Decline of CR in absence of UCS demonstrated by Sally's cringing at the dental drill sound.

• Spontaneous Recovery:

  • Reappearance of previously extinguished response.

Page 13: Generalization

• Definition:

  • Responding similarly to new stimuli resembling the original stimuli.

Page 14: Discrimination

• Definition:

  • Learning to respond differently to similar types of stimuli, such as differentiating between edible and poisonous foods.

Page 15: Conditioned Emotional Responses

• Applications:

  • Commercial advertising

  • Phobias and anxiety

Page 16: John Watson's Study

• Overview: Watson's famous "Little Albert" study demonstrating the principles of classical conditioning.

Page 18: Operant Conditioning Overview

• Definition:

  • Changes the rate of a response based on the consequences that follow.

• Principle of Reinforcement:

  • Organisms repeat behaviors that yield favorable consequences.

Page 19: Behavior and Consequences

• Examples:

  • Tendency to patronize Elmo's Bistro increases due to rewarding stimulus (good meal).

  • Humor improves with positive reinforcement (friends laughing).

Page 21: Reinforcement Categories

• Types of Reinforcement:

  • Positive Reinforcement

  • Negative Reinforcement

• Timing:

  • Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcers

Page 23: Shaping

• Definition:

  • Reinforcement of closer approximations to a desired behavior.

Page 24: Strengthening Responses

• Reinforcer Types:

  • Primary reinforcers: Innately satisfying

  • Secondary reinforcers: Learned over time

Page 25: Reinforcement Schedules

• Continuous Reinforcement:

  • Behavior reinforced every occasion (quicker acquisition/extinction).

• Partial Reinforcement:

  • Behavior reinforced intermittently (slower acquisition/extinction).

Page 26: Summary of Reinforcement Schedules

• Fixed vs Variable

  • Fixed: Predictable occurrences

  • Variable: Unpredictable occurrences

• Ratio vs Interval:

  • Ratio: Based on behavior repetitions

  • Interval: Based on time passed

Page 27: Reinforcement Types

• Positive vs Negative Reinforcement:

  • Both strengthen responses.

Page 28: Punishment Principles

• Positive Punishment: Adding an unpleasant outcome.

• Negative Punishment: Taking away a pleasant outcome.

Page 29: Effective Punishment

• Principles:

  • Immediate, clear messaging, recommend alternative behavior, consistency.

Page 30: Comparison of Reinforcement and Punishment

• Differentiation of responses:

  • Positive reinforcement vs punishment outcomes.

Page 32: Side Effects of Punishment

• Issues include inability to establish desired behaviors, escape, aggression, and learned helplessness.

Page 33: Social Learning Theory Overview

• Definition: Learning via observation without direct consequences.

Page 34: Key Aspects of Social Learning

• Processes:

  • Attention

  • Retention

  • Reproduction

  • Motivation

Page 36: Modeling and Vicarious Learning

• Findings from Bobo doll studies:

  • Importance of observation and behavioral reproduction.

Page 37: Media Violence and Real-Life Violence

• Current controversies and complexities in research findings regarding media consumption effects.

Page 38: Mirror Neurons

• Definition: Neurons that activate during behavior performance or observation, linked to empathy.

Page 39: Biological Influences on Learning

• Concept of biological preparedness leading to learning relevant experiences such as taste aversion.

Page 40: Instinctive Drift

• Definition: Behavior pattern return to innate actions, illustrated by animal behavior research.

Page 41: Cognitive Influences on Learning

• Importance of cognitive processes (thinking), focusing on Tolman's rat research revealing latent learning and cognitive maps.

Page 42: Insight

• Definition: The cognitive realization of solutions leading to "aha" moments.

Page 43: Learned Helplessness

• Concept: A state where individuals feel powerless due to previous experiences, linked to depression studies.