chapter_5_learning___1_

Page 1

  • Copyright Information

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    • No reproduction or distribution without prior consent

Page 2: Learning Theory

  • Definition of Learning:

    • A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

  • Major Forms of Learning:

    • Behaviorism

    • Associative learning

    • Conditioning

    • Observational learning

Page 3: Types of Learning

  • Three Basic Types:

    • Classical Conditioning

    • Operant Conditioning

    • Social Learning

Page 4: Ivan Pavlov

  • Historical Figure:

    • Founder of Classical Conditioning

    • Notable for research on digestion and awarded Nobel Prize

Page 5: Classical Conditioning

  • Definition:

    • A learning type where one stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus.

Page 6: Components of Classical Conditioning

  • Key Elements:

    • Neutral Stimulus (NS)

    • Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

    • Unconditioned Response (UR)

    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

    • Conditioned Response (CR)

Page 7: Pavlov's Experiment

  • Before Conditioning:

    • US (Food) → UR (Salivation)

    • NS (Bell) → No Salivation

  • During Conditioning:

    • NS + US → UR

  • After Conditioning:

    • CS (Bell) → CR (Salivation)

Page 8: Pavlov’s Experiments

  • Overview of Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning and its foundational experiments.

Page 9: Process of Classical Conditioning

  • NS: Tone

  • UCS: Meat Powder → UCR: Salivation

  • After Conditioning:

    • CS: Tone → CR: Salivation

Page 10: Classical Conditioning Trials

  • Trial Definition:

    • Presentation of NS and US

  • Generally a gradual process requiring several trials, but one-trial conditioning is possible.

Page 11: Acquisition in Classical Conditioning

  • Definition: Initial learning of association.

  • Example: Personal experience associating onion breath with happiness.

Page 12: Extinction and Recovery

  • Extinction:

    • Decline of CR in absence of UCS demonstrated by Sally's cringing at the dental drill sound.

  • Spontaneous Recovery:

    • Reappearance of previously extinguished response.

Page 13: Generalization

  • Definition:

    • Responding similarly to new stimuli resembling the original stimuli.

Page 14: Discrimination

  • Definition:

    • Learning to respond differently to similar types of stimuli, such as differentiating between edible and poisonous foods.

Page 15: Conditioned Emotional Responses

  • Applications:

    • Commercial advertising

    • Phobias and anxiety

Page 16: John Watson's Study

  • Overview: Watson's famous "Little Albert" study demonstrating the principles of classical conditioning.

Page 18: Operant Conditioning Overview

  • Definition:

    • Changes the rate of a response based on the consequences that follow.

  • Principle of Reinforcement:

    • Organisms repeat behaviors that yield favorable consequences.

Page 19: Behavior and Consequences

  • Examples:

    • Tendency to patronize Elmo's Bistro increases due to rewarding stimulus (good meal).

    • Humor improves with positive reinforcement (friends laughing).

Page 21: Reinforcement Categories

  • Types of Reinforcement:

    • Positive Reinforcement

    • Negative Reinforcement

  • Timing:

    • Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcers

Page 23: Shaping

  • Definition:

    • Reinforcement of closer approximations to a desired behavior.

Page 24: Strengthening Responses

  • Reinforcer Types:

    • Primary reinforcers: Innately satisfying

    • Secondary reinforcers: Learned over time

Page 25: Reinforcement Schedules

  • Continuous Reinforcement:

    • Behavior reinforced every occasion (quicker acquisition/extinction).

  • Partial Reinforcement:

    • Behavior reinforced intermittently (slower acquisition/extinction).

Page 26: Summary of Reinforcement Schedules

  • Fixed vs Variable

    • Fixed: Predictable occurrences

    • Variable: Unpredictable occurrences

  • Ratio vs Interval:

    • Ratio: Based on behavior repetitions

    • Interval: Based on time passed

Page 27: Reinforcement Types

  • Positive vs Negative Reinforcement:

    • Both strengthen responses.

Page 28: Punishment Principles

  • Positive Punishment: Adding an unpleasant outcome.

  • Negative Punishment: Taking away a pleasant outcome.

Page 29: Effective Punishment

  • Principles:

    • Immediate, clear messaging, recommend alternative behavior, consistency.

Page 30: Comparison of Reinforcement and Punishment

  • Differentiation of responses:

    • Positive reinforcement vs punishment outcomes.

Page 32: Side Effects of Punishment

  • Issues include inability to establish desired behaviors, escape, aggression, and learned helplessness.

Page 33: Social Learning Theory Overview

  • Definition: Learning via observation without direct consequences.

Page 34: Key Aspects of Social Learning

  • Processes:

    • Attention

    • Retention

    • Reproduction

    • Motivation

Page 36: Modeling and Vicarious Learning

  • Findings from Bobo doll studies:

    • Importance of observation and behavioral reproduction.

Page 37: Media Violence and Real-Life Violence

  • Current controversies and complexities in research findings regarding media consumption effects.

Page 38: Mirror Neurons

  • Definition: Neurons that activate during behavior performance or observation, linked to empathy.

Page 39: Biological Influences on Learning

  • Concept of biological preparedness leading to learning relevant experiences such as taste aversion.

Page 40: Instinctive Drift

  • Definition: Behavior pattern return to innate actions, illustrated by animal behavior research.

Page 41: Cognitive Influences on Learning

  • Importance of cognitive processes (thinking), focusing on Tolman's rat research revealing latent learning and cognitive maps.

Page 42: Insight

  • Definition: The cognitive realization of solutions leading to "aha" moments.

Page 43: Learned Helplessness

  • Concept: A state where individuals feel powerless due to previous experiences, linked to depression studies.

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