Theories_of_Origin_of_Life_af4cd08eb673943b1338c583b1807deb

Page 1: College Information

• University Name: University of the Philippines Visayas

• Department: College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences

• Subject: Aquatic Flora and Fauna

Page 2: Geologic Timeline

• Eon Timeline:

  • Hadean (4,540 million years ago)

    • Formation of the Earth, crust cooled, life began

  • Archean (4,000 million years ago) to Proterozoic (2,500 million years ago)

    • Primordial conditions and early forms of life

  • Paleozoic Era:

    • Ordovician: Early bony fish, death rate 85%

    • Silurian: Earliest land animals

    • Devonian: First seed plants, death rate 70%

    • Carboniferous: First insects

    • Permian: First reptiles; significant extinction

  • Mesozoic Era:

    • Triassic: First dinosaurs, death rate 95%

    • Jurassic: First birds

    • Cretaceous: Flowering plants; extinction of dinosaurs

  • Cenozoic Era:

    • Tertiary period: Rise of mammals

    • Quaternary period: Rise of man

Page 3: Chemical Theory of Evolution

• Basic Concept: Presence of chemicals + energy results in organic compounds

• Miller-Urey Experiment (1953): Simulated early Earth conditions to test spontaneous generation (biopoiesis) theory

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Page 5: Organic Compounds Formation

• Organic compounds accumulated in environments like shorelines, oceans, and vents

• Transformation into complex organic polymers

Page 6: Deep-Sea Vents

• Description: Submarine hydrothermal vents emitting hydrogen-rich molecules

• Catalyst Role: Minerals in water facilitate organic reactions

Page 7: Panspermia Theory

• Hypothesis: Life exists throughout the universe; Earth received biological matter from space

• Supporting Evidence: Emergence of life post-meteor showers from Mars

Page 8: Environmental Conditions for Life

• Conditions Varied by Environment:

  • Land: Low oxygen

  • Shallow Water: Rich in organic material, lacks energy

  • Deep Sea: High temperatures, chemical energy available

• Characteristics of First Organisms:

  • Anaerobic, chemoheterotrophs with simple metabolism; aquatic

Page 9: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Page 10: Six Kingdoms Classification

• Kingdoms:

  • Plantae: Multicellular eukaryotes

  • Animalia: Multicellular eukaryotes

  • Fungi: Multicellular eukaryotes

  • Protista: Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes

  • Eubacteria: Unicellular prokaryotes

  • Archaebacteria: Unicellular prokaryotes

Page 11: Aquatic Flora and Fauna

• Focus: Diversity and distribution of aquatic life forms

Page 12: Aquatic Biomes Classification

• Saltwater Biomes:

  • Oceans, estuaries, coral reefs, mangrove forests

• Freshwater Biomes:

  • Lakes, rivers, streams, inland wetlands

Page 13: Aquatic Ecosystem Zones

• Source zones (waterfalls, glaciers)

• Transition zones (lakes, flood plains)

• Deposited sediments in salt marshes and deltas

Page 14: Pelagic Environment Classification

• Zones:

  • Epipelagic (sunlit zone)

  • Mesopelagic (twilight zone)

  • Abyssopelagic (midnight zone)

  • Bathypelagic

Page 15: Coastal and Ocean Depth Zones

• Depth Categories:

  • Euphotic Zone

  • Bathyal Zone

  • Abyssal Zone

• Thermocline: Rapid temperature drop between euphotic and abyssal zones

Page 16: Factors Affecting Aquatic Flora and Fauna

• Law of Tolerance: Optimal survival conditions defined by thresholds

• Limiting Factors:

  • Temperature

  • Salinity

  • Dissolved oxygen

  • pH

  • Light and water movement

  • Water depth

Page 17: Freshwater vs Marine Environments

• Salinity & Osmoregulatory Strategies:

  • Osmoconformers and hypertonic relations with environment

Page 18: Density in Aquatic Habitats

• Density Impact on Organisms: Can support larger marine animals due to buoyancy

Page 19: Temperature Variability in Aquatic Habitats

• Factors Affecting Temperature: Dependent on system size and environmental context

Page 20: Temporary Aquatic Habitats

• Characteristics:

  • Formed during rainfall; unique survival strategies against drought

  • Examples: Drought-resistant eggs, burrowing, revival of tardigrades and rotifers

Page 21: Taxonomic Classification Overview

• Taxonomy Definition: The science of naming, describing, and arranging organisms based on relationships

• Systematics: Study of organism diversity and relationships

Page 22: Classification Characteristics

1. Morphological: Physical traits

2. Biological: Feeding and reproduction methods

3. Physiological: Responses to stress and disease

4. Biochemical: Protein and enzyme analysis

5. Behavioral: Action patterns

6. Cytological: Chromosome structures

• Molecular Data Consideration: Modern classification also includes DNA and RNA analysis

Page 23: Hierarchy of Classification

• Structure: Inverted triangle with increasing specificity from kingdom to species

  • Levels: Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species

Page 24: Scientific Naming

• Binomial Nomenclature:

  • Two-part Latin name (Genus and Species)

• Example: Oreochromis niloticus

  • Genus: Capitalized and italicized

  • Species: Lowercase and italicized

• Naming Guidelines: Governed by international codes from scientific organizations.