Chapter 29 Fungi
Fungi is one the three major lineage of eukaryote right along with land plants and animals. They get their nutrition for absorption and are also known as decomposers. Fungi shares a common ancestor with animals making them closely related. Most fungi are mutualist by providing water and key nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus by array of webs within the roots.
29.1 Why do biologist study fungi
Some Fungi cause health problems for humans such as athlete foot, but they do better than they cause bad
Fungi cause problems when it comes to crop production and storage
-Parasitic fungi infect corn and other crops and saprophytic fungi rots fruits and vegetables
mycorrhizal fungi help promote growth for land plants by providing nutrients by forming extensive networks in the soil within the roots
Saprophyte (eats on dead plant material) / saprophytic fungi helps speed up the carbon cycle on land by breaking down dead trees and plants
29.2 How do biologist study fungi
By Analyzing morphological traits, scientist found out two primary growth forms for fungi-single cell yeast (any single celled fungi) which and multicellular mycelia (which are multicellular fungi with complex weblike bodies who usually grow towards food source and backs off when food is scarce) and sometimes they can switch up based on the environment conditions
hyphae are the cytoskeleton that make up mycelia providing it structure, and support and they can be divided by septa (are pores that transport materials and helps with nutrient distribution) or are coenocytic (which contains multiple nuclei in a single hyphae and are without septa)
By Evaluating molecular phylogenies, scientist found out that animals are more closely related to fungi than land plants also making harder to cure fungal infection due to their similar enzymes and cell component
Animals and also choanoflagellates are the sister groups of fungi
29.3 What themes occur in the diversification of fungi?
Fungi sustains symbioses (living- together) relationship with its land plants in the environment which is usually mutualistic
Two major types of mycorrhizal fungi are (EMF) ectomycorrhizal (which forms sheath around the plants outer layer of the roots cells) and (AMF) arbuscular fungi or endomycorrhizal (which penetrates root cells and touching the plasma membrane)
Lichens are a type of mutualistic fungi usually in the Ascomycota lineage, green algae, or Cyanobacterium and you usually see them colonizing tree bark
Fungi undergoes a process called extracellular digestive which is when the digestive takes place outside the organism breaking larger molecules into smaller molecules before intake.
Fungi can break down lichens and cellulose which also known as degradation. Cellulose degradation is when glucose polymer is digested by enzyme which is broken down into glucose which is food source used by fungi. Lichens degradation exposes cellulose with enzyme cellulases than transformed into glucose
29.4 Key Lineage of Fungi
Glomeromycetes - 200 known species and have a mutualistic relationship with plant roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). They’re important in prairie and tropical forest ecology
Basidiomycota (club fungi) - 32,000 known species like (mushrooms, boletes, stinkhorns, puffballs, and brackets) and decompose wood, associate with ectomycorrhizal and some are plant parasites. Some are source of food, toxic and hallucinogenic, can enhance the growth of trees and some can even damage the economy by rotting crops
Ascomycota (sac fungi) - 64,000 known species like (morels, truffles, yeasts, cup fungi, lichens forming fungi). They had ectomycorrhizal relationship with tree roots, mutualistic relationships photosynthetic algae and bacteria in lichens and some prey on protist or nematodes. They used lichens as bioindicators due to their sensitivity to air pollution
DYNAMIC STUDY MODULES
The difference between ascospores and conidia is that genetic recombination has occurred in ascospores but not in conidia.
Associations between ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and plant roots more common in a Canadian forest than in a Mexican swamp because EMF are most commonly found in temperate climates.
Using the known traits and lifestyle patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), the most likely AMF association would be a glomeromycete species whose hyphae grow into the root cells of grassland plants in warm, low-phosphorus soils.
Biologists have concluded that the relationship between endophytes and some plants is mutualistic. In other types of plants, however, researchers have not been able to document benefits for the plant host. These species of endophytes are commensals, meaning that the two species, endophyte and plant, coexist without substantial deleterious or beneficial effects on the host.
They are produced by meiosis” does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores. During asexual reproduction, spore-forming structures are produced by a haploid mycelium, and spores are generated by mitosis. Spores are a dispersal stage for fungi.
Karyogamy produces a diploid reproductive stage.
It is true that the incidence of fungal infections in human populations is low when compared to the frequency of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and protists.
The relationships between and among chytrids and zygomycetes are poorly resolved.
When food sources are depleted, hyphae respond by making spores. The leading hypothesis is that spore production is favored by natural selection when hyphae are under nutritional stress.
Plasmogamy can directly result in (2) heterokaryotic cells or (3) dikaryotic cell
Chapter 29 Fungi
Fungi is one the three major lineage of eukaryote right along with land plants and animals. They get their nutrition for absorption and are also known as decomposers. Fungi shares a common ancestor with animals making them closely related. Most fungi are mutualist by providing water and key nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus by array of webs within the roots.
29.1 Why do biologist study fungi
Some Fungi cause health problems for humans such as athlete foot, but they do better than they cause bad
Fungi cause problems when it comes to crop production and storage
-Parasitic fungi infect corn and other crops and saprophytic fungi rots fruits and vegetables
mycorrhizal fungi help promote growth for land plants by providing nutrients by forming extensive networks in the soil within the roots
Saprophyte (eats on dead plant material) / saprophytic fungi helps speed up the carbon cycle on land by breaking down dead trees and plants
29.2 How do biologist study fungi
By Analyzing morphological traits, scientist found out two primary growth forms for fungi-single cell yeast (any single celled fungi) which and multicellular mycelia (which are multicellular fungi with complex weblike bodies who usually grow towards food source and backs off when food is scarce) and sometimes they can switch up based on the environment conditions
hyphae are the cytoskeleton that make up mycelia providing it structure, and support and they can be divided by septa (are pores that transport materials and helps with nutrient distribution) or are coenocytic (which contains multiple nuclei in a single hyphae and are without septa)
By Evaluating molecular phylogenies, scientist found out that animals are more closely related to fungi than land plants also making harder to cure fungal infection due to their similar enzymes and cell component
Animals and also choanoflagellates are the sister groups of fungi
29.3 What themes occur in the diversification of fungi?
Fungi sustains symbioses (living- together) relationship with its land plants in the environment which is usually mutualistic
Two major types of mycorrhizal fungi are (EMF) ectomycorrhizal (which forms sheath around the plants outer layer of the roots cells) and (AMF) arbuscular fungi or endomycorrhizal (which penetrates root cells and touching the plasma membrane)
Lichens are a type of mutualistic fungi usually in the Ascomycota lineage, green algae, or Cyanobacterium and you usually see them colonizing tree bark
Fungi undergoes a process called extracellular digestive which is when the digestive takes place outside the organism breaking larger molecules into smaller molecules before intake.
Fungi can break down lichens and cellulose which also known as degradation. Cellulose degradation is when glucose polymer is digested by enzyme which is broken down into glucose which is food source used by fungi. Lichens degradation exposes cellulose with enzyme cellulases than transformed into glucose
29.4 Key Lineage of Fungi
Glomeromycetes - 200 known species and have a mutualistic relationship with plant roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). They’re important in prairie and tropical forest ecology
Basidiomycota (club fungi) - 32,000 known species like (mushrooms, boletes, stinkhorns, puffballs, and brackets) and decompose wood, associate with ectomycorrhizal and some are plant parasites. Some are source of food, toxic and hallucinogenic, can enhance the growth of trees and some can even damage the economy by rotting crops
Ascomycota (sac fungi) - 64,000 known species like (morels, truffles, yeasts, cup fungi, lichens forming fungi). They had ectomycorrhizal relationship with tree roots, mutualistic relationships photosynthetic algae and bacteria in lichens and some prey on protist or nematodes. They used lichens as bioindicators due to their sensitivity to air pollution
DYNAMIC STUDY MODULES
The difference between ascospores and conidia is that genetic recombination has occurred in ascospores but not in conidia.
Associations between ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and plant roots more common in a Canadian forest than in a Mexican swamp because EMF are most commonly found in temperate climates.
Using the known traits and lifestyle patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), the most likely AMF association would be a glomeromycete species whose hyphae grow into the root cells of grassland plants in warm, low-phosphorus soils.
Biologists have concluded that the relationship between endophytes and some plants is mutualistic. In other types of plants, however, researchers have not been able to document benefits for the plant host. These species of endophytes are commensals, meaning that the two species, endophyte and plant, coexist without substantial deleterious or beneficial effects on the host.
They are produced by meiosis” does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores. During asexual reproduction, spore-forming structures are produced by a haploid mycelium, and spores are generated by mitosis. Spores are a dispersal stage for fungi.
Karyogamy produces a diploid reproductive stage.
It is true that the incidence of fungal infections in human populations is low when compared to the frequency of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and protists.
The relationships between and among chytrids and zygomycetes are poorly resolved.
When food sources are depleted, hyphae respond by making spores. The leading hypothesis is that spore production is favored by natural selection when hyphae are under nutritional stress.
Plasmogamy can directly result in (2) heterokaryotic cells or (3) dikaryotic cell
