respiratory system

Page 1

The Respiratory System

Page 2

Overview of the Respiratory System and Respiratory Tract

• The respiratory system includes:

  • Nose

  • Nasal cavity

  • Paranasal sinuses

  • Pharynx

  • Larynx

  • Trachea

  • Bronchi

  • Bronchioles

  • Alveoli

Page 3

Upper and Lower Respiratory System

• Upper Respiratory System:

  • Comprises the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.

• Lower Respiratory System:

  • Comprises the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, and alveoli.

Page 4

Structures of the Respiratory System

• Upper Respiratory System:

  • Posterior nasal apertures

  • Nasal conchae

  • Pharynx

• Lower Respiratory System:

  • Larynx

  • Trachea

  • Main Bronchi

  • Bronchioles

  • Lungs (Right and Left)

  • Diaphragm

Page 5

Functions of the Respiratory System

• Provides an area for gas exchange between air and blood.

• Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of the lungs.

• Protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration.

• Guards against invading pathogens.

• Produces sound for verbal communication.

• Assists in regulation of blood volume, pressure, and body fluid pH.

Page 6

Respiratory Epithelium

• Types of Cells:

  • Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Cells:

    • Found except in pharynx, smaller bronchi, and alveoli.

  • Stratified Squamous Cells:

    • Nonkeratinized, found in pharynx.

  • Mucus-Producing Cells:

    • Present in the nasal cavity and lower respiratory tract.

Page 7

Respiratory Epithelium Functions

• Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Cells:

  • Cilia move mucus to pharynx (mucociliary escalator).

• Stratified Squamous Cells:

  • Protects against abrasion.

• Mucous Cells:

  • Produce mucus to trap debris, preventing entry into lungs.

Page 8

Histology of the Respiratory Epithelium

• Diagrammatic view:

  • Movement of mucus to the pharynx shown with ciliated columnar epithelial cell, mucous cell, and lamina propria labeled.

Page 9

Respiratory Defense System

• Mechanisms:

  • Vibrissae (nose hairs) block inhaled debris.

  • Nasal cavity produces mucus to trap debris; sneezing removes it.

  • Mucociliary escalator moves debris upward toward the pharynx for expulsion.

Page 10

Pathway of Air: Upper Respiratory System

• Air enters through external nares (nostrils).

• Passes the nasal vestibule, entering the nasal cavity which is divided by the nasal septum.

Page 11

Airflow and Conditioning

• Air flows around nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior).

• As air swirls, it warms and humidifies; debris gets trapped in mucus.

• Air enters internal nares and nasopharynx.

Page 12

Diagram of the Upper Respiratory System

• Includes detailed structures: Frontal sinus, nasal cavity, conchae, and other relevant anatomical parts.

Page 13

Anatomy of the Nose and Nasal Cavity

• Nose Components:

  • Dorsum (bridge) and apex (tip)

  • Nasal bones

  • External nares

  • Septum (vomer and ethmoid)

  • Hard and soft palate.

Page 14

Anatomy of the Nose (Fig. 24.4)

• Lateral nasal cartilage and various components of the nose labeled.

Page 15

Pharyngeal Structures

• Detailed sagittal section of the head and neck highlighting pharynx and related structures.

Page 16

The Pharynx

• Connects the nose, mouth, and throat; shared by respiratory and digestive systems.

  • Types:

    • Nasopharynx: Contains auditory tube.

    • Oropharynx: Back of the mouth area.

    • Laryngopharynx: Entrance to trachea and esophagus.

Page 17

Pharyngeal Anatomy (Fig. 24.4)

• Anatomic details of the pharynx with specific openings labeled.

Page 18

Continuous Section of Pharynx

• Further anatomical details regarding the pharynx.

Page 19

The Larynx Overview

• Structure: Cylinder with cartilaginous walls stabilized by ligaments or muscles.

  • Begins at vertebra C3-C5, ends at C6-C7.

Page 20

Cartilages of the Larynx

• Components:

  • Thyroid cartilage (laryngeal prominence).

  • Cricoid cartilage (encircles trachea).

  • Epiglottis (closes over glottis during swallowing).

Page 21

Anatomy of the Larynx (Fig. 24.6)

• Anterior view showing laryngeal components.

Page 22

Anatomy of the Larynx (Posterior View)

• Includes detailed components visible from the rear, showing the relationship among the individual laryngeal cartilages.

Page 23

Paired Laryngeal Cartilages

• Includes:

  • Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages, involved in glottis control.

Page 24

Anatomy of the Larynx (Continued)

• Detailed posterior view of the larynx showing associated cartilages.

Page 25

Relationship of Laryngeal Cartilages

• Detailed interactions of laryngeal cartilages.

Page 26

The Vocal Cords

• Dynamics of vocal cords showing open and closed glottis positions.

Page 27

Laryngeal Ligaments

• Types:

  • Intrinsic ligaments: Bind laryngeal cartilages.

  • Extrinsic ligaments: Connect thyroid cartilage to hyoid and cricoid.

Page 28

Vocal and Vestibular Ligaments

• Vestibular ligaments (false vocal cords) vs. vocal ligaments (true vocal cords).

Page 29

Sound Production Mechanism

• Air causes vocal folds to vibrate, creating sound.

  • Pitch is affected by vocal fold characteristics (length, tension).

Page 30

Vocal Cords Anatomy

• Glottis positions with variations highlighted.

Page 31

Glottis Position Visualization

• Differences in vocal fold position during closed and open states captured.

Page 32

Laryngeal Musculature

• Intrinsic Muscles: Control vocal tension and glottis opening.

• Extrinsic Muscles: Stabilize larynx; prevent food/liquid from entering during swallowing.

Page 33

The Swallowing Process

• Sequential steps of swallowing, focusing on tongue, larynx, and epiglottis role.

Page 34

Characteristics of the Trachea

• 11 cm long, 2.5 cm diameter, bifurcates at T5.

  • Composed of C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings, annular ligaments connect them.

Page 35

Anatomy of the Trachea and Main Bronchi (Fig. 24.9)

• Overview of trachea and bronchi relationships illustrated.

Page 36

Tracheal Lining

• Layers include mucosa, respiratory epithelia, lamina propria, submucosa, and trachealis muscle.

Page 37

Histology of the Trachea

• Cross-sectional view presents trachea structure with related components.

Page 38

Main Bronchi Formation

• Trachea bifurcates at the carina into right and left main bronchi; the right bronchus is larger and steeper.

Page 39

Anatomy of the Trachea and Main Bronchi (Fig. 24.9a)

• Anterior view and relationships of trachea and bronchi.

Page 40

Hilum of the Lung

• Each main bronchus enters lungs at hilum; serves as entry/exit point for pulmonary vessels.

Page 41

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

• Right lung: 3 lobes; Left lung: 2 lobes with cardiac notch.

Page 42

Structure of the Lungs

• Detailed division of lung lobes and presence of fissures.

Page 43

Lung Surfaces

• Named for their contacts: costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic surfaces.

Page 44

Structural Components of the Lungs

• Trabeculae partitions containing elastic fibers, smooth muscles, and lymphatic vessels.

Page 45

Overview of Lung Positioning

• Relations of lungs, heart, and other thoracic structures.

Page 46

Conclusion on Lung Structure

• Recap of right and left lung anatomy and their mediastinal surfaces.

Page 47

Branching of the Main Bronchi

• Main bronchi branch extensively into lobar and segmental bronchi within the lungs.

Page 48

Bronchi and Bronchioles Anatomy

• Comparison of bronchi and bronchioles structures highlighting smooth muscle presence.

Page 49

Right Main Bronchus Branches

• Breakdown of right main bronchus into lobar branches.

Page 50

Anatomy Reference of Main Bronchi (Fig. 24.9a)

• Summary of important anatomical relationships in trachea and bronchi.

Page 51

Left Main Bronchus Branches

• Division of left main bronchus into lobar bronchi.

Page 52

Continued Anatomy of Main Bronchi

• Recap of anatomical features related to the bronchial pathways.

Page 53

Segmental Bronchi

• Lobar bronchi divide into segmental bronchi for specific lung areas (bronchopulmonary segments).

Page 54

Bronchial Tree and Lungs Overview (Fig. 24.12a)

• Visual depiction of bronchopulmonary segments and their spatial relationship.

Page 55

Further Bronchial Segment Relations (Fig. 24.12b)

• Distinct color coding to show segmental divisions in lung anatomy.

Page 56

The Bronchioles

• Bronchioles branch from segmental bronchi; contain smooth muscle for bronchodilation and constriction.

Page 57

Bronchi and Bronchioles Configuration

• Overview of bronchi and bronchioles with related histological details.

Page 58

Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli

• Alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs; extensive capillary network surrounds alveoli for gas exchange.

Page 59

Alveolar Structure Visualization

• Description of lung lobules and alveolar anatomy depicted in diagrams.

Page 60

Alveolus Composition and Functions

• Type I Alveolar Cells: Single layer lining for gas exchange.

• Type II Alveolar Cells: Secrete surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse.

Page 61

Alveolar Arrangement and Blood Air Barrier

• Interactions between alveolar cells, capillaries, and their structures for efficient gas exchange.

Page 62

Histology of Alveoli

• Micrograph overview of lung tissue highlighting bronchi and alveoli.

Page 63

Gas Exchange Mechanism

• Carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange across the alveolar-capillary interface.

Page 64

Composition of the Blood Air Barrier

• Detailed structure of the barrier facilitating gas exchange within alveoli.

Page 65

Pleural Cavities Overview

• Pleura Layers:

  • Visceral and parietal layers surrounding lungs; forms pleural cavity that contains fluid.

Page 66

Function of Pleural Cavity

• Potential conditions affecting pleural fluid and resulting implications for respiration.

Page 67

Thoracic Cavity Relationships

• Anatomy and relationships of pleura and associated thoracic structures.

Page 68

Pulmonary Ventilation Overview

• Process of moving air into and out of lungs; includes classification of respiratory muscles.

Page 69

Primary Respiratory Muscles

• Diaphragm: Main muscle for inhalation and exhalation.

• External Intercostals: Aids in inhalation.

Page 70

Accessory Respiratory Muscles for Inhalation

• Includes muscles such as serratus anterior and scalenes that assist during deep inhalation.

Page 71

Accessory Respiratory Muscles for Exhalation

• Includes internal intercostals, abdominal muscles facilitating forced exhalation.

Page 72

Summary of Respiratory Muscle Functions (Fig. 24.16)

• Overview of primary and accessory muscles used during breathing.

Page 73

Mechanics of Breathing

• Summary of diaphragm and rib cage movement during inhalation.

Page 74

Active Inhalation Mechanics

• Explanation of active breathing involving multiple muscle groups.

Page 75

Exhalation Mechanics

• Details about active versus passive exhalation processes with involved muscles.

Page 76

Types of Respiratory Movements

• Eupnea: Quiet breathing; Hyperpnea: Forced breathing during exertion.

Page 77

Changes at Birth

• Overview of physiological changes; implications for respiration at birth.

Page 78

Fetal Circulation Changes at Birth

• Anatomical changes in circulatory pathways at the time of birth detailed in a diagram.

Page 79

Aging and the Respiratory System

• Overview of changes in respiratory efficiency with aging; includes elasticity loss and potential respiratory conditions.