Science_Study Material_Class X_2024-25

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan - Class X Science Notes

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• Title: Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan

• Language of Instruction: Hindi and English

• Subject: Science

• Class: X

• Academic Year: 2024-25

• Document Type: Student Support Material

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• The organization focuses on the overall development of the students and emphasizes excellence in education.

• Aims to improve the quality of education in Central Schools, under the directives of the CBSE.

• The organization has developed essential support materials for students in grades 9-12.

• This resource includes vital topics that enhance student readiness for academic challenges.

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Student Support Material Advisors:

• Principal Contributors:

  • Mrs. Nidhi Pandey, IIS, Commissioner, KVS HQ

  • Ms. Chandana Mandal, Joint Commissioner (Training)

  • Academic contributions from various experts in the Mumbai region.

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Table of Contents:

1. Chemical Reactions and Equations - Page 05

2. Acids, Bases, and Salts - Page 10

3. Metals and Non-metals - Page 19

4. Carbon and its Compounds - Page 24

5. Life Processes - Page 31

6. Control and Coordination - Page 39

7. Reproduction in Organisms - Page 47

8. Heredity - Page 55

9. Light - Reflection and Refraction - Page 60

10. The Human Eye and the Colourful World - Page 70

11. Electricity - Page 77

12. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current - Page 82

13. Our Environment - Page 89

• Practice Question Paper - Upcoming on Page 205

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Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations

• Topics include chemical equations, types of reactions, reduction-oxidation reactions, and physical vs. chemical changes.

• Chemical Equations: Represents a chemical reaction symbolically. Balanced equations must have equal numbers of atoms for each element.

  • Examples of Chemical Changes:

    • Change of State: E.g. Magnesium reactants forming Magnesium oxide.

    • Change in Colour: E.g. Formation of lead (II) iodide from lead nitrate and potassium iodide.

    • Evolution of Gas: E.g. Formation of hydrogen gas from zinc and hydrochloric acid.

    • Temperature Change: E.g. Reaction of quicklime and water.

• Laws of Nature include the Law of Conservation of Mass.

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• Types of Reactions:

  • Combination Reaction: A + B → C

  • Decomposition Reaction: AB → A + B

  • Displacement Reaction: A + BC → AC + B

  • Double Displacement: AB + CD → AC + BD

• Definitions for reactions and examples.

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Reactivity Series:

• Understanding metal reactivity concerning reactions with acids and their various properties.

• Common Oxidation States: Focus on trends, especially leading to corrosion prevention.

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Chapter 2: Acids, Bases, and Salts

• Explore properties, definitions, and classifications of acids, bases, and salts. Discuss pH levels and its importance in daily life.

• Include reactions specific to neutralization and their chemical equations.

• Important chemical substances like Sodium Hydroxide, Bleaching Powder, and their industrial applications.

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Summary on Environmental Interactions:

• Understanding plants' responses to stimuli and the importance of preserving their habitat.

• Significance of ecosystems and exploring the balance of nature through food chains - producers, consumers, and decomposers, highlighting environmental issues like pollution and waste management.

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Implementing Study Concepts:

• Emphasize key experimental methods, ensuring a good grasp of scientific processes through practical examples, such as photosynthesis and respiration in both humans and plants.

• Include diagrams where appropriate, such as those showing the flow of energy in ecosystems or anatomy of the human eye to illustrate complex biological systems.

• Follow formatting guidelines throughout your notes to maintain clarity.

• Ensure to review and revise content to aid comprehension and retention.