ch 18 and half of 19

What pathogens are included in the DTaP vaccine? What type of vaccines are the components? 

Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid, Pertussis: Acellular fragments of purified from Bordetella pertussis, Tetanus: purified tetanus toxoid. 

What pathogens are included in the MMR vaccine? What type of vaccines are the components?  

Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) – Attenuated virus; Chickenpox, HPV: Ag fragments 
What is meant by “attenuated”?  Pathogen is weakened so cannot cause disease but can still have immune response 

What are the different vaccine types? What are the advantages/disadvantages of each? 

DTap-protects, effective but requires multiple doses and boosters: Diphtheria (toxoid), Pertussis (selected acellular antigens), Tetanus (toxoid) - no live bacteria 

Toxoid-safe stable, long lasting, but only targets toxin not bacteria, requires booster: inactivated toxin, still antigenic and immunogenic 

Meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae (Hib), Strep pneumonia vaccines-Effective for high risk but strain coverage : acellular Ags; conjugated (protein and polysaccharide) 

Viral vaccines- strong immune response, single dose but rare adverse events, preexisting immunity : Live attenuated – Polio (Sabin), Influenza A, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella); chickenpox 

Killed virus or antigen component-safe cannot cause disease, but weaker immunity needs boosters: Polio (Salk), Influenza, Hep A, Hep B, HPV 

mRNA vaccine- quick production strong response no live virus, but requires cold storage, short-term effects – SARS-CoV-2 

Passive Immunization- someone else’s preformed antibodies 

What is gamma globulin? Where do we get it (example – where does immune plasma for COVID patients come from?   

Gamma Globulin- antibodies from pooled serum (human or animal) can be from generalized (broad) or specialized preparations (Hep A) 

• You can get gamma globulin through plasma donations from other people 

Immune plasma for COVID patients come from other individuals that have recovered from COVID-19. (donors) 

What are the advantages of passive immunization? 

Some advantages include protection for immunocompromised (weak immune), immediate protection, temporary protection while immunity develops 

What are the disadvantages of passive immunization? 

Some disadvantages is that there is serum sickness-reaction type 3 hypersensitivity formed by immune complexes(animal prep serums) and no lasting immunity. 

Is there a natural way to get someone else’s Ab? 

Yes, Placental transfer, breastfeeding, convalescent plasma transfusion (from recovered individual) 

Types of Immunity: 

Describe the 4 types of immunity – Natural - passive, active, and Artificial - passive, active 

Be able to recognize examples of each type. (2 Natural, 2 Artficial) 

Natural means it is from the body – active meaning self made, passive meaning from someone else 

Artificial means made in the lab – active meaning stimulate to self make, passive means provided not by self 

Active= Long-lived Passive= Short-lived 

Naturally acquired ACTIVE immunity –disease or normal exposure (Antigen own made /memory cells) 

(ex. Immunity after cold or flu) 

Naturally Acquired PASSIVE immunity – through placenta/breast milk(Antibody NOT own/no mem cells) 

Artificially acquired ACTIVE immunity – vaccine (Antigen tells body to make it themselves/memory cells) 

Artificially acquired PASSIVE immunity – gamma globulin injection (Antibody not own/no mem cells) 

(ex. Rabies immune globulin injection/hep B HBIG)