Structuralism- focuses on “the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences (p. 16) Introspection- “a method of self-observation in which participants report on their thoughts and feelings (p. 16)”

functionalist - “a psychologist who studied the function (rather than the structure) of consciousness (p. 16)” Psychoanalyst- “a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior

(p. 19)”

Humanist- “a psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth (p. 20)”

Functionalist- “a psychologist who studied the function (rather than the structure) of consciousness (p. 16)” (stated twice)

BF Skinner - “introduced the concept of reinforcement. (p.20)”

conditioning - “a type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections in which the response is conditional

on the stimulus (p. 241)”

Sir Francis Galton- “a nineteenth-century English mathematician and scientist, wanted to understand how heredity influences a person’s abilities, character, and behavior. (p.16)”

inheritable traits- “properties that are passed along biologically from parent to child...Galton traced the ancestry of various eminent people and found that greatness runs in families. He therefore concluded that genius or eminence is a hereditary trait. (p.16).”

Sigmund Freud- “He believed that our conscious experiences are only the tip of the iceberg, that beneath the surface are primitive biological urges that are in conflict with the requirements of society and morality. According to Freud, these unconscious motivations and conflicts are responsible for most human behavior. He thought that they were responsible for many medically unexplainable physical symptoms that troubled his patients. (p.18)”

psychoanalytic psychology - focused on making “patients aware of their unconscious motives so that they can gain control over their behavior and free themselves of self-defeating patterns (p. 494)”

Rollo May - “described human nature as evolving and self-directed” (p.20)

Humanism- “psychology that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential for each

unique individual (p. 392)”

Gestalt psychology- “studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences. (p.17)”

John B. Watson- Behavioralist who thought “psychology should concern itself only with the observable facts of behavior. (p.20)”

cognitive psychology- focuses on ‘’how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how cognitive processes influence our behavior (p.20)”

Jean Piaget- Believed “that behavior is more than a simple response to a stimulus. Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes, including perceptions, memories, and expectations. (p.21)”