Histoy AP 10

TAHNK YOU FOR SHAIG MARIA

Progress of a nation: 1914-1929

Background causes of WW1:

Militarism

European nations built large militaries to protect and expand their empires.

Created a tense environment with arms races (especially naval) between countries like Britain and Germany.

Alliances

Countries formed defensive agreements

Triple alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple entente: Britain, France, Russia

Imperialism

European powers competed for colonies/resources.

Created conflicts overseas and rivalries at home.

Nationalism

Ethnic groups wanted independence.

National pride increased tensions between major powers.

Direct causes of WW1

Murder of Archduke Ferdinand Franz (Austrian), killed by a Serbian

Set off a chain reaction

Major Battles of WW1

Ypres (1915):

First major battle for Canadians.

Introduction of chlorine gas by the Germans.

Canadians held their ground despite heavy casualties.

Somme (1916):

Bloodiest battle for Canada.

Over 24,000 Canadian casualties.

Introduction of the tank.

Vimy Ridge (1917):

An iconic Canadian victory under General Arthur Currie.

Captured a strategic German position that other nations had failed to take. Used a creeping barrage

Unified Canadian identity.

Memorial built

Passchendaele (1917):

Known for muddy, horrific conditions.

Canada captured the ridge with 15,000 casualties.

Canada’s military contributions

Over 620,000 Canadians enlisted.

Significant role at Vimy, Passchendaele, and Amiens.

The Royal Canadian Navy patrolled the Atlantic.

Canadian women served as nurses.

Canada earned a separate signature at the Treaty of Versailles due to its contributions.

Trench Warface

Both sides dug trenches to protect themselves from heavy artillery

Dominant military strategy.

Soldiers lived in trenches with:

Poor sanitation

Constant artillery shelling

"No man’s land" between opposing trenches.

Diseases like trench foot and lice infestations were common.

Food had to be rationed

Conscription

Military Service Act (1917):

Made military service mandatory for men 20-45.

Divisive issue:

Supported by English Canadians.

Opposed by French Canadians (esp. in Quebec).

Created political tension and protests.

Propaganda

Government used posters, films, and articles to:

Encourage enlistment.

Sell war bonds.

Promote rationing and unity.

Depicted enemies as evil and heroicized soldiers.

League of Nations

Created post-WWI (1919) to maintain peace.

Canada was an independent member.

Purpose: resolve disputes diplomatically.

Weak due to lack of enforcement power.

Political and social issues during the 1920s

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Officially ended WWI.

Canada signed independently.

Key terms:

Blamed Germany for the war.

Imposed heavy reparations.

Created new borders and nations.

Established the League of Nations.

Criticized for harshness led to WWII tensions.

Political and Social Issues in the 1920s

Labour unrest due to poor wages, inflation, and working conditions.

Women demanded equal rights.

Rise of anti-immigrant sentiment (esp. against Eastern Europeans and Asians).

Debates over French-English relations post-conscription crisis.

Winnipeg General Strike (1919)

30,000 workers in Winnipeg protested for:

Better wages.

Safer conditions.

Right to unionize.

Lasted 6 weeks.

Ended with violence and arrests.

Showed growing class tensions.

Technology of the 1920s

Automobiles: mass production (Ford Model T), expanded road systems.

Radio: brought news, sports, and entertainment into homes.

Airplanes: used for mail delivery and stunts.

Household appliances: washing machines, vacuum cleaners improved domestic life.

Life in the 1920s

Known as the “Roaring Twenties”:

Economic boom.

Jazz music, dance halls.

Women’s fashion → flapper style.

Increase in urban living.

Prohibition

Ban on alcohol (1918-1920s, province-dependent).

Aimed to reduce crime and improve public morals.

Created bootlegging, moonshining and speakeasies.

Popularity faded, repealed by the late 1920s.

Person’s Case (1929)

Legal battle led by Famous Five:

Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Louise McKinney, and Irene Parlby.

Challenged that women were not "persons" under the BNA Act.

British Privy Council ruled women were persons, could be appointed to the Senate.

Major victory for women’s rights in Canada.

The Economy of the 1920s

Post-war boom:

Growth in manufacturing, natural resources (mining, pulp & paper, oil).

Export-based economy.

Increased U.S. investment.

Warning signs:

Overproduction.

Dependence on the U.S.

Farmers struggled with falling prices.

Statute of Westminster (1931)

Granted Canada full legal independence from Britain.

Britain could no longer make laws for Canada.

Canada remained a part of the British Commonwealth.

Solidified Canadian sovereignty in foreign affairs.

Achievements on Trial: 1929-1945

Causes of the Great Depression

Stock Market Crash (Oct 29, 1929) – Black Tuesday; start of economic collapse.

Overproduction & Overexpansion – Too many goods, not enough buyers.

Canada’s Dependence on Exports – Relied on natural resources (wheat, timber).

High Tariffs & Trade Barriers – Countries raised tariffs, reducing international trade.

Debt from WWI – Governments and businesses in debt; weak financial systems.

Drought on the Prairies – Dust Bowl destroyed farms, worsened poverty.

Life in the 1930s

Unemployment rate peaked at 27% in Canada.

Relief Camps – For single unemployed men; harsh conditions, low pay.

On-to-Ottawa Trek Protest against relief camp conditions.

Soup kitchens, riding the rails (illegal train travel), poverty widespread.

Entertainment: Radio, movies, and sports offered distraction from hardship.

Men would ride boxcarts to BC to look for work

People would wait outside gates for a chance to be picked to work that day

Political parties of the 1930s

Liberals – Led by Mackenzie King.

Solution was to wait it out and cut taxes

Conservatives – Led by R.B. Bennett (Prime Minister 1930–1935).

Promised money, subsidized freight rates for farmers, had a confident voice

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) – Socialist; later became NDP.

Decided labour needed a more prominent role, and the government needed more control of businesses

Social Credit Party - Bible Bill

Proposed giving citizens money

Union Nationale (Quebec) – Led by Maurice Duplessis; conservative, nationalist.

Mostly wanted to protect quebecois

Rise of Dictators

Benito Mussolini (Italy) – Fascism.

Adolf Hitler (Germany) – Nazism.

Josef Stalin (USSR) – Communism.

Hideki Tojo (Japan) – Militarist.

Communism and Facism

Communism: No private property, classless society, one-party rule (Stalin).

Fascism: Nationalistic, anti-communist, pro-private property, dictatorship (Mussolini, Hitler).

Background causes to WWII

Treaty of Versailles (1919) – Punished Germany harshly.

Economic hardship worldwide.

Appeasement – Britain and France gave into Hitler’s early demands.

Failure of League of Nations.

Expansionism – Germany, Italy, Japan seeking territory.

Germany wanted to regain its former glory (become great again)

Direct Causes to WWII

Germany’s Invasion of Poland (September 1, 1939)

Hitler invaded Poland using blitzkrieg tactics (lightning war).

Broke the Treaty of Versailles, and the Nazi-Soviet Pact terms came into play.

Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939.

Failure of Appeasement

After taking Austria and the Sudetenland, Hitler promised no more demands.

The invasion of Poland crossed the final line for Britain and France.

Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 1939)

Germany and the USSR agreed not to attack each other.

Secretly planned to split Poland.

Gave Hitler confidence to invade without fear of a two-front war.

Japan’s Aggression in Asia

Attacked Manchuria (1931) and China (1937).

Although the war officially started in Europe, Japan’s actions contributed to the global conflict.

Road to War and Appeasement

Definition: Giving in to the demands of an oppressive power to avoid conflict

Example:

Britain and France’s response to Nazi Germany

Main motivation:

Avoid a second world war

Economic struggles from the depression

The belief that Hitler’s demands were reasonable

Major events:

Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles (1936)

Germany annexed Austria (1938)

Munich Agreement - Britain and France agree to let Germany take a part of Czechoslovakia in return for peace

Results:

Hitler became more aggressive

Hitler invades the rest of Czechoslovakia

Germany invades Poland, triggering WW2 (1939)

Alliances

Allied powers - france, britain, america and canada

Axis powers - italy, germany, japan

Major battles of WWII

Dunkirk

May 26, 1940

took place in England

involved:

british

germans

french

canada

Canada’s role

Minor role: helped evacuate British soldiers

significance:

helped boost British morale

showed how powerful Germany’s army was

Results:

France fell to Germany

Britain was alone against the Axis powers

Battle of Britain

July 10, 1940

Took place in Britain

involved:

britain

germany

Canada’s role

Canadian pilots joined the British Air Force to gain control of the sky

significance

Major victory for Britain

Prevented Germany from launching a naval invasion across the island channels

boosted British morale

results:

The British won the war

Battle of the Atlantic

September 3, 1939 - May 8, 1945

took place in the Atlantic Ocean

involved:

canadian

american

british

germany

Canadas role:

Bring supplies to Britain

Significance:

Longest WW2 battle campaign

Canada grew its navy power

Results:

2210 Canadians died

24 warships blew up

allies won

War on the Eastern Front

22 June 1941 – 8 May 1945

took place in the Balkans and the soviet union

involved:

Germany

Italy

soviet union

Canada role:

No major role, it was between European countries

Significance

Hitler broke the agreement between Germany and the soviet union

lasted 3 years

invaded russia

Results:

soviets won

pushed germany out of the ussr

Dieppe

August 19, 1942

took place in France

involved:

canada

france

germany

Canada role:

Defend France from an invasion

Significance:

Disaster for Canada

First major battle for Canada on the Western Front

Results:

germany won

5000 Canadians fought, 913 died

Ortona

December 20, 1943

took place in Italy

involved:

canada

italy

germany

canada role

drove the Germans out of Ortona

Mouse holding technique Canadian techniques were used to model future urban warfare for the rest of the war

Significance:

using innovative tactics

crucial, prolonged, and bloody engagement

Key objective for allies

results:

canadians won

Germany was driven out of Ortona.

D-Day

June 6, 1944

fought in normandy, france

involved

france

canada

britain

germany

america

canadas role:

Juno Beach

The Royal Canadian Navy provided 109 vessels and 10,000 sailors

Won the battle in Juno Beach

The First Canadian Army played a key role in the subsequent fighting in Normandy, including helping to close the "Falaise Gap" in mid-August. Significance:

The largest amphibious invasion in history

liberation of france

Five naval assault divisions to the beaches of Normandy, France.

Results:

allies won

400,000 people died

Technology of WWII

Tanks

Faster, stronger, and better armed than in WWI.

Aircraft

Used for bombing, spying, and air battles (dogfights).

Japanese used planes for suicide bombings

Radar

Detected enemy planes, U-boats and ships.

Helped Britain win the Battle of Britain.

Sonar

Detected enemy submarines underwater.

Atomic Bomb

Developed by the Manhattan Project, led by J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Fat man and little boy

Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

Ended the war in the Pacific.

Made japan surrender

Submarines (U-boats)

Used by Germany to sink Allied ships in the Atlantic.

Enigma

Secret code developed by nazis

Broken by Alan Turings’ bombe

Helped shorten the war.

Pearl Harbour

Date:

December 7, 1941

What was it:

A surprise Japanese attack on America on a naval base in Hawaii

Involved planes, submarines, and battleships

Aimed to cripple the US military

Results:

Brought the US into WWII

3,500 American deaths

8 US battleships were destroyed

180 aircraft destroyed

Conscription

Conscription Crisis (1944) – Initially no overseas conscription.

“Conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription.”

Mackenzie king still enforced conscription, but allowed french canadians to fight from home, not go overseas

Propoganda

Posters, radio, films promoted:

Enlistment

Victory bonds

Rationing

Women joining workforce (e.g., Rosie the Riveter equivalent)

Anti-enemy messaging.

The Holocaust

Adolf Hitler and the Nazis believed in anti-Semitic, racist ideas.

Blamed Jews for Germany’s problems after WWI.

Passed Nuremberg Laws (1935):

Took away Jewish citizenship and rights.

Banned marriage between Jews and non-Jews.

Kristallnacht (1938):

"Night of Broken Glass" — Jewish homes, shops, and synagogues destroyed.

Thousands of Jews arrested.

Ghettos:

Jews forced into overcrowded, walled-off city areas with terrible conditions.

Concentration Camps & Death Camps:

Jews sent to camps like Auschwitz, Treblinka, Dachau.

Forced into hard labour or killed in gas chambers.

Approx. 6 million Jews murdered in the Holocaust.

Liberation (1945):

Allied forces freed surviving prisoners.

The Final Solution

Nazi plan to systematically exterminate all Jews in Europe.

Decided at the Wannsee Conference (1942).

Led by Heinrich Himmler and the SS.

Jews sent to death camps (like Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor).

Victims murdered in gas chambers, mass shootings, or through starvation and forced labour.

Approx. 6 million Jews killed as part of the Holocaust.

SS. St. Louis

was a German luxury liner that, in 1939, carried over 900 Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany to Cuba

Wanted to emigrate to the united states

Canada, USA and Cuba denied them entry and were forced to return to Germany

A number of them died after being sent to concentration camps

Many other countries in europe offered them safety

Japanese Internment

After Pearl Harbor (Dec 7, 1941)

Many canadian citizens feared japanese immigrants were spies

Over 22,000 Japanese Canadians sent to internment camps.

Property and rights taken away.

Official government apology (1988)

End of the war in Europe

May 8

What it was:

VE Day signified the end of the war in Europe, though the war with Japan continued.

Official end to the war in Europe

End of Nazi Regime

Official surrender of all German military operations to the Allies

VJ day:

Japan formally surrendered the war

Followed bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki

Atomic Bomb

Created by J. Robert Oppenheimer, an American theoretical physicist

America needed a way to end the war with Japan

The Manhattan Project was developed in Los Alamos, New Mexico

Physicists discovered nuclear fission using Uranium-235

Used the discovery to develop an atomic bomb

The trinity test was where the first atomic bomb was tested

After that, two more atomic bombs were created

Fat Man and Little Boy

The two bombs were first dropped in Hiroshima (little boy), then Nagasaki (fat man)

Seeking an Identity: 1945-1967

Cold War

A period of intense political, military, and ideological tension between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991. It wasn’t a direct war but was marked by proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, nuclear arms development, and the division of countries into capitalist (Western) and communist (Eastern) blocs.

Marshall Plan

An American initiative launched in 1947 that provided over $13 billion in economic aid to Western European countries to help them rebuild after WWII. Its goal was also to strengthen these economies so they wouldn’t fall under Soviet communist influence.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and seven Eastern European countries (including East Germany, Poland, and Romania) as a counterbalance to NATO.

It formalized the division between Eastern and Western Europe

Iron Curtain

Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the sharp divide between east and west europe

Symbolized restricted movement of information during the cold war

Communist vs. democracy

Communism is a political and economic system where the government controls:

Property

Resources

production.

The goal is equality

Democracy is a system of government where power lies with the people, usually through:

free elections. Citizens have rights. People can own businesses, and wealth distribution is based on individual effort and market competition.

Igor gouzenko

A Soviet embassy clerk in Ottawa who defected in 1945, revealing a Soviet spy ring operating in Canada. His actions exposed Soviet espionage activities in the West and are often credited with helping start the Cold War in North America.

Alliances

NORAD, NATO, UN, Warsaw pact

Arms Race

Competition between America and the Soviet Union to create the strongest military power

More development in nuclear weapons

Tsar bomba

Both nations stockpiled thousands of warheads, leading to global fear of a possible nuclear war.

Korean War

A conflict between communist North Korea, supported by China and the USSR, and democratic South Korea, supported by a United Nations force led by the USA. It ended in an armistice with the country still divided at the 38th parallel.

Suez Crisis

Egypt’s President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, previously controlled by Britain and France. In response, Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt. Canada’s Lester Pearson proposed a UN peacekeeping force to resolve the conflict, earning him the Nobel Peace Prize.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Russia secretly moved mid-range nukes to Communist Cuba, to form an attack on America

Discovered by UN spy planes

Put a lot of fear into citizens because the thought of nuclear was quickly becoming a reality

Standoff lasted 13 days.

United Nations

The international organization was formed in 1945 to maintain international peace and security, promote human rights, and encourage social and economic development. Canada was a founding member and a key participant in early peacekeeping missions.

Diefenbaker

John Diefenbaker was Canada’s 13th Prime Minister, serving from 1957 to 1963. He was known for his strong support of Canadian nationalism and civil rights, including appointing the first Indigenous senator. His government expanded social programs and promoted the Canadian Bill of Rights. Diefenbaker’s tenure faced challenges like the Cold War tensions and debates over nuclear weapons on Canadian soil.

Lesbter B. Pearson

A Canadian diplomat and politician, Pearson served as Canada’s Prime Minister from 1963 to 1968. He was a skilled negotiator who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for creating the first UN peacekeeping force during the Suez Crisis. Under his leadership, Canada introduced universal health care and a new national flag.

A Just Society: 1967-2001

Trudeaumania

Massive public excitement around pierre trudeau

Described as charisnmatic, youthful, modern

Was able to catch all the media attention

First PM to legalise homosexuality and liberalize divorce

Bilingualism & Biculturalism

1960s Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism recommended recognizing French and English as equal founding cultures.

Led to the Official Languages Act (1969): made Canada officially bilingual

Aim: preserve French Canadian culture and promote unity between English and French-speaking Canadians.

70s and 80s foreign policy

Canada promoted peacekeeping, disarmament, and human rights.

Opposed apartheid in South Africa.

Maintained independence from U.S. Cold War policies.

Hosted international summits (G7).

Supported Vietnam War refugees.

Opposed U.S. nuclear weapons testing.

Economic challenges

1970s: Oil crisis led to inflation and recession.

1981–82: Major economic recession; high unemployment and interest rates.

Rising national debt.

Creation of National Energy Program (NEP) in 1980 to regulate oil prices and increase Canadian ownership in energy — controversial, especially in Alberta.

NAFTA

Signed in 1992, came into effect 1994.

Free trade deal between Canada, U.S., and Mexico.

Eliminated tariffs on goods and services.

Created controversy over job security, environmental protections, and Canadian sovereignty.

Good because better relations with close neighbours

Quiet Revolution

Rapid social, political, and cultural change in Quebec under Premier Jean Lesage.

Secularized education and health care

Shifted away from the church and to the government

Promoted Francophone pride, nationalism, and economic modernization.

Called for greater provincial control over social programs and resources.

Set groundwork for Quebec separatist movement.

October Crisis

FLQ (Front de libération du Québec), a radical separatist group, kidnapped British diplomat James Cross and Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte (who was later murdered).

PM Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act — first peacetime use — suspending civil liberties, deploying troops.

War measures act made over 400 innocents be arrested

Most Canadians supported the action, but it fueled separatist resentment.

Quebec Referundum

1980: First referendum on Quebec sovereignty — 60% voted No.

1995: Second referendum, much closer — 50.6% No, 49.4% Yes.

Debates over national unity, cultural survival, and federal-provincial relations.

Meech Lake Accord

Attempt to persuade Quebec to officially accept the Constitution Act, 1982.

Recognized Quebec as a distinct society.

Gave provinces more power over immigration, Supreme Court appointments.

Failed by 1990 when Manitoba and Newfoundland legislatures refused to ratify.

Deepened national unity crisis.

Constitution act 1982

Canada gained full legal independence from Britain.

Included Charter of Rights and Freedoms: guaranteed individual rights (freedom of speech, equality, legal rights, etc.)

Allowed Canada to amend its own constitution without British approval.

End of cold war - fall of berlin wall

Fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe.

Cold War tensions eased between East (USSR) and West (NATO countries including Canada).

Canada shifted military focus from European defense to peacekeeping and humanitarian roles globally.

Military operations

1991: Gulf War — Canadian forces joined UN coalition against Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.

1999: Kosovo Conflict — Canadian jets and peacekeepers supported NATO operations.

Yugoslavia dissolution

Increased involvement in humanitarian and conflict response missions.

Peacekeeping missions

Canada known as a peacekeeping leader since Lester B. Pearson’s Suez Crisis intervention (1956).

Peacekeeping reputation declined in the 1990s due to complex conflicts and controversies (e.g., Somalia Affair).

Essay Question topics study

Foreign Policy: Strong leadership in global affairs as a strong middle power

Social Perspective:

Canada’s role in peacekeeping and diplomacy shapes its global reputation as a humanitarian nation.

Public pride in Canada’s image as a fair, balanced, and non-aggressive middle power.

Canadian troops' participation in missions affects families, communities, and national identity.

Economic Perspective:

Foreign trade agreements (like NAFTA and CPTPP) strengthen economic ties and create jobs.

Military spending and foreign aid allocations affect domestic budgets.

Diplomatic relations open investment and trade opportunities.

Political Perspective:

Canada balances alliances with the US, NATO, UN, and Commonwealth nations.

Governments must navigate pressures between national interests and international obligations.

Leaders like Lester B. Pearson and Justin Trudeau have shaped foreign policy through peacekeeping and human rights advocacy.

Indigenous Issues: Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Social Perspective:

Acknowledges generational trauma from residential schools.

Promotes cultural revival, language preservation, and healing for Indigenous communities.

Educates the public about Indigenous history and rights.

Economic Perspective:

Addresses economic disparities by improving education, health care, and job opportunities in Indigenous communities.

Land rights and resource-sharing agreements affect industries like mining and energy.

Economic reconciliation involves fair access to wealth generated from Indigenous lands.

Political Perspective:

Calls on government action through TRC’s 94 Calls to Action.

Focus on self-governance and inclusion of Indigenous voices in policy-making.

Shifts federal-provincial relationships in areas like health, education, and land management.

Gender Issues: Closing the Gender Gap and LGBTQ+ rights

Social Perspective:

Movement towards gender equality in the workplace, education, and politics.

Growing societal acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals, protected through anti-discrimination laws.

Media, culture, and activism play key roles in shaping public attitudes.

Economic Perspective:

Closing the gender pay gap and increasing women’s labor participation boosts GDP.

LGBTQ+ inclusion policies improve workplace productivity and brand reputation.

Equitable parental leave and childcare access influence workforce participation.

Political Perspective:

Government initiatives like the Gender Budgeting Framework.

Legalizing same-sex marriage in 2005 positioned Canada as a global human rights leader.

Policies promoting gender representation in Parliament and corporate boards.

Canadian Culture: Enhancing the national identity by supporting Canadian (cultural) industries

Social Perspective:

Media, music, film, and literature reinforce Canadian identity and diversity.

Supports multicultural representation and pride in Canadian heritage.

Promotes national symbols, holidays, and events (e.g. Canada Day, Indigenous Peoples’ Day).

Economic Perspective:

Creative industries contribute significantly to GDP and employment.

Exporting Canadian culture builds international tourism and entertainment markets.

Government subsidies (e.g. CBC, Telefilm Canada) sustain domestic production.

Political Perspective:

Cultural policy regulates foreign content (e.g. Canadian Content [CanCon] rules).

Governments use culture to unify a diverse, multilingual nation.

Cultural diplomacy strengthens Canada’s image abroad.

National Unity: Protecting the nation’s unity by strengthening Canadian (nationalism)

Social Perspective:

National unity fosters shared identity amidst linguistic, regional, and cultural diversity.

Events like the October Crisis and Quebec referendums challenged cohesion.

National symbols (flag, anthem, hockey) and citizenship ceremonies reinforce unity.

Economic Perspective:

Interprovincial trade and infrastructure projects link provinces and territories.

Economic disparities between regions (West-East, North-South) affect unity.

Equalization payments ensure equitable public services nationwide.

Political Perspective:

Federalism balances national authority with provincial autonomy.

National unity challenged by separatist movements (e.g. Parti Québécois, Bloc Québécois).

Charter of Rights and Freedoms ensures equality and freedoms for all.

Immigration: Molding the population of Canada by focusing on the (immigration) system

Social Perspective:

Immigration shapes Canada’s multicultural society and demographic growth.

Integration programs promote diversity and reduce racism and xenophobia.

Refugee and family reunification policies strengthen community bonds.

Economic Perspective:

Skilled immigrants fill labor shortages and boost innovation.

Immigration supports population growth and addresses aging workforce issues.

Economic class immigration enhances competitiveness in global markets.

Political Perspective:

Governments adjust immigration targets and criteria based on public opinion and economic needs.

Debates over refugee policy, border security, and integration shape electoral platforms.

Federal-provincial agreements (e.g. Quebec’s control over immigration numbers) reflect regional needs.

Environment: Protecting the environment while sustainably developing natural resources

Social Perspective:

Public demand for action on climate change, Indigenous land rights, and environmental justice.

Protests and activism (e.g. pipelines, old-growth forests) reflect civil society’s priorities.

Environmental policies affect health, recreation, and future generations.

Economic Perspective:

Resource industries (oil, gas, mining, forestry) vital to economy but face sustainability challenges.

Clean energy investment creates green jobs and new industries.

Balancing environmental regulation with competitiveness is politically sensitive.

Political Perspective:

Climate policies (carbon pricing, emissions targets) central to federal and provincial debates.

Indigenous land rights and environmental stewardship increasingly connected.

Canada’s role in international climate agreements (Paris Accord, COP summits).

Economy: Creating a prosperous economy without sacrificing the rights of all its peoples

Social Perspective:

Income inequality, housing affordability, and Indigenous economic exclusion remain issues.

Worker rights, minimum wage, and social safety nets support vulnerable populations.

Economic growth must align with social justice and equity.

Economic Perspective:

Balancing natural resource exploitation with green economy initiatives.

Supporting small businesses, innovation, and trade diversification.

Managing public debt, inflation, and foreign investment while ensuring fair labor practices.

Political Perspective:

Federal budgets and tax policy reflect balancing growth with public welfare.

Legislation on workers' rights, union protections, and corporate responsibility.

Economic decisions influence electoral outcomes and regional politics.