Biology Test 1

Chapter 16
• How old is the Earth?
• ~4.6 billion years old
• When did oxygen start to build up in Earth’s
atmosphere?
• ~2.5 billion years ago
• When did animals begin to appear?
• Cambrian Explosion

Chapter 16
• Movement of landmasses changed over time
• Plate tectonics
• Pangaea
• Biogeography
• Convergent evolution

Chapter 16
• Taxonomic classification
• Domain (most broad, only 3: Archaea,
Bacteria, & Eukarya)
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species (most specific level)

Chapter 16
•Phylogeny
• Phylogenetic trees visually represent
evolutionary relationships
• Root
• Branch
• Node

Chapter 17
• Microbiome
• Community of microorganisms in a particular area on
the body
• Human microbiome develops in the first 1-2 years of
life
• Fiber-rich diets support microbiome
• Prokaryote Relationships
• Symbiotic
• Pathogenic

Chapter 17
• Prokaryotes
• DNA floats freely in cytoplasm, no nucleus
• Typically 1-10 micrometers in size, much smaller than
Eukaryotes
• Highly adaptable to a wide range of environments
• Belong to Domains:
• Bacteria – super diverse, contribute to majority of common
infections
• Archaea - ”extremophiles” thrive in harsh environments

Chapter 17
• Prokaryotic Structure
• 3 cell shapes (rod, sphere, spiral)
• Structures that aid in movement & attachment
• Flagella
• Pili
• Capsule
• Variety of feeding strategies
• Heterotroph
• Bioremediation
• Autotroph

Chapter 18
• Eukaryotic Characteristics
• Membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, etc.)
• Sexual Reproduction
• Defenses against predators
• Heterotrophs
• Include
• Plants
• Fungi
• Animals
• Protist (only group that is unicellular)
• Biodiversity
• Species Richness

Chapter 18
• Plant Characteristics (Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Plantae)
• Autotrophs (use photosynthesis to produce energy)
• Cell walls present to prevent water loss
• Contain 4 major groups: (listed in order based on evolutionary
adaptations)
• Nonvascular plants
• Vascular plants
• Seed plants
• Flowering/Fruiting plants

Chapter 18
• Plant Classification (Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Plantae)
• Nonvascular (mosses)
• No vascular tissue
• Rely on water for reproduction (spores)
• Tend to grow in mats very close to surface of soil
• Vascular (ferns)
• Vascular tissue allows transport of water and nutrients
• Rely on water for reproduction (spores)
• Grow taller in comparison to nonvascular plants
• Gymnosperms (conifers = pine trees)
• Vascular tissue
• Produce “naked” seed exposed to elements (cones)
• Seeds are dispersed via wind
• Angiosperms (flowering & fruiting plants)
• Vascular tissue
• Rely on pollinators for fertilization (male pollen fusing with female egg)
• Produce seeds that are surrounded by a flower/fruit
• Seeds are dispersed by animals

Chapter 18
• Fungi Characteristics (Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi)
• Hyphae – functional unit of a fungi
• Come together to form underground networks of mycelium
• Cell walls of fungi contain chitin, a compound found in other eukaryote
exoskeletons (athropods)
• Important role as decomposers
• Break down decaying matter by secreting enzymes onto food source by extending
hyphae to decaying matter (like a downed tree)
• Multicellular (mushrooms, molds, etc)
• Unicellular (yeasts)
• Responsible for fermentation in common food products (bread, beer, cheese)

Chapter 18
• Animal Characteristics (Domain Eukarya,
Kingdom Animalia)
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs
• Sexual Reproduction
• Body Symmetry
• Asymmetrical (sponges)
• Radial (cnidarians – jellyfish)
• Bilateral (mirrored left & right halves – vertebrates)
• Paired sensory organs (eyes, ears, and limbs)

Chapter 18
• Animal Diversity (working from most simplistic to most advanced)
• Sponges (Asymmetrical)
• Multicellular, but lacks tissues
• Feed via water filtration
• Cnidarians (Radial)
• True tissue observed, but no organs
• Flatworms
• Mollusks
• Many possess a hardened shell
• Include snails, oysters, slugs, and squid
• Round worms
• Segmented worms
• Earthworms
• Repeating body segments
• Athropods
• 3 body segments & jointed legs
• Exoskeleton (chitin)
• Most diverse group
• Contains insects and crustaceans
• Chordates
• Vertebrates

Chapter 18
• Protist Characteristics (Domain Eukarya, Kingdom ??? TBD)
• Only unicellular organism in domain Eukarya
• All modern day eukaryotes evolved from an ancestral protist
• Can display a variety of characteristics (Junk Drawer)
• Plant-like
• Animal-like
• Fungi-like
• Feeding strategies vary
• Can form symbiotic relationships
• Pathogenic
• Malaria