Mollusks, Annelids, Arthropoda, Echinodermata Vocab

==Vocab Terms:==

Arthropoda Vocab:

• Chitin: protein that makes up the exoskeletons of arthropods
• Compound eye: multiple lenses in each eye
• Molting: the disattachment of tissue from the existing exoskeleton so the arthropods can form a new one as they grow
• Mandible: the chewing of mouthparts of crustacea
• Chelicera: modified appendage of arachnids that is used for chewing and holding food; these are the fangs
• Nauplius: free swimming larvae of crustacea
• Cephalothorax: body part made of the head and thorax in arachnids and some crustaceans
• Pedipalp: the second pair of modified appendages arachnids use to hold food
• Spinneret: an organ that spiders use to produce silk for webs and cocoons
• Book lung: large area for gas exchange that is made of layers of tissue through which oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out
• Spiracle: openings through which air is passed through and carried to tissues through a series of trachea
• Malpighian tubule: excretory organs that get rid of cellular waste in grasshoppers
• Tympanum: a sound sensing membrane that vibrates with sound to help insects process noises
• Ovipositor: a shovel-like attachment that helps insects deposit fertilized eggs into soil
• Incomplete metamorphosis: the development from eggs to nymph stage to adult for some insectae
• Complete metamorphosis: the development from eggs, to young larvae, to older larvae, to pupa, and then to the adult stage
• Pupa: the immobile stage between older larvae and adult stages in complete metamorphosis that helps the insect go through important developmental changes.
• Pheromone: a chemical substance released by insects so they can communicate with on another

Echinodermata Vocab:

• Ossicle: the exoskeleton of calcium carbonate plates that create a sort of “spiny skin” of echinoderms and act as an attachment point for tissue
• Tube feet: small, moveable extensions of the vascular system
• Pedicallaria: tiny pincers that keep the bodies of the asteroida free from foreign objects like algae
• Madreporite: the opening where water enters the asteroida on the aboral side
• Stone canal: a short tube that connects the madreporite to the ring canal in the water vascular system
• Ring canal: a ring-shaped canal through which water is transferred to and that circulates the water to the radial canals
• Radial canal: the canals that extend from the ring and run throughout the arms until the end of each and they carry water to hundreds of hollow tube feet
• Ampulla: bulbite sac at the end of each tube feet that allows for movement
• Cardiac stomach: the stomach of asteroida that is turned inside out to catch and cover food that is ingested
• Pyloric stomach: food is transferred to this secondary stomach that connects to a pair of digestive glands in each arm where nutrients are absorbed into the tissue
• Bipinnaria: the larvae of asteroida
• Oral side: the side where the mouth is located
• Aboral side: the opposite side of where the mouth is located
• Pentaradial: symmetry plan meaning that the body extends from the center out into five spikes

Annelid Vocab:

• Setae: external bristles that project from the body of most annelids
• Parapodia: fleshy protrusions that some annelids have
• Pharynx: the muscular tube that annelids use to suck soil into the mouth
• Esophagus: the tube in which soil is passed through and into the crop
• Crop: the temporary food storage pocket into which soil is stored
• Typhlosole: an infolding of the intestinal wall that increases the surface area for digestion
• Closed circulatory system: a system in which blood is circulated through blood vessels and it transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients
• Aortic arches: arches that connect the ventral and dorsal veins to pump blood and act as the heart for annelids
• Nephridia: excretory organs that eliminate cellular waste
• Clitellum: the thickened section of the earthworm body that holds the body togethers and is where sperm is injected into its mucous layer
• Cuticle: a waxy protective epidermal layer

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Mollusca Vocab:

• Head foot: The first half of a molluscs two-part body: the anterior head containing the mouth and the foot are attached to each other with no direct distinction
• Mantle: the dorsal body wall that covers the visceral mass and produces the shell of mollusca
• Visceral Mass: a mass containing the organs of digestion, circulation, reproduction, and excretion that is located inside the coelom on their backside/dorsal side
• Mantle cavity: the space between the mantle and the foot that functions in gas exchange and the elimination/excretion of digestive waste
• Radula: scraping structure of molluscs that allows snails to scrap algae off the ground
• Odontophore: fleshy, tongue-like structure that helps the molluscs move stuff around
• Open circulatory system: The lack of vessels to contain blood within so that the fluid within is just free floating
• Siphon: inhalant tube for gas exchange located in the gills
• Trochophore larva: free swimming larvae of mollusks
• Hemolymph: fluid that does not stay completely in vessels, Collected from gills and lungs, pumped through the heart, and releader into hemocoels
• Hemocoels: fluid filled spaces of the molluscs
• Ganglia: clusters of nerve cell bodies, of which molluscs have 6
• Pen: the soft, modified shell that squid have

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