Multiperspectivity-RPH-Semi-Finals (1)

Philippine History: Spaces for Conflict & Controversies

Learning Objectives

• Interpret historical events using primary sources.

• Recognize multiplicity of interpretations that can arise from historical texts.

• Identify advantages and disadvantages of employing critical tools in historical interpretations.

• Demonstrate ability to argue for or against an issue using primary sources.

Making Sense of the Past: Historical Interpretation

• Contemporary definition of history focuses on its impact on the present.

• Geoffrey Barraclough defines history as the attempt to discover significant aspects of the past based on fragmentary evidence.

Nature of Historical Interpretation

• History, although it is based on facts, involves a series of accepted judgments by historians.

• Historians utilize primary sources to draw their own readings for better audience understanding, a process of "making sense of the past".

• Not all primary sources are accessible; incorrect interpretation by non-historians can lead to misunderstandings.

• Historical interpretations vary based on the reader's perspective, context, and the method of reading.

• Historians must critically evaluate different interpretations and understand their evolution over time.

Case Study 1: The Code of Kalantiaw

• A mythical legal code from the epic history Maragtas, initially a pride for the Aklan people before being debunked.

• A historical marker was erected in 1956 in Batan, Aklan, claiming its significance.

• Datu Bendahara Kalantiaw is posited as the first Filipino lawgiver who promulgated the penal code around 1433.

• In 1968, it was revealed to be a hoax by William Henry Scott, linked to Las Antiguas Leyendas de la Isla de Negros by Jose E. Marco.

• Despite the hoax, some still believe in its legitimacy.

Case Study 2: The Cavite Mutiny

• The year 1872 marks both the Cavite Mutiny and the martyrdom of GOMBURZA (Gomez, Burgos, Zamora).

• Spanish accounts view the mutiny as an attempt to overthrow colonial rule, implicating the native clergy in conspiracy.

• Primary Accounts: Jose Montero y Vidal and Governor Izquierdo detail various contributing factors like abolition of privileges and societal unrest spurred by other revolutions.

• Filipino historian Trinidad Pardo de Tavera suggests it was a reaction to oppressive policies rather than a planned revolution.

• Edmund Plauchut's account supports this view, framing the mutiny as manipulated by the friars to maintain control.

Case Study 3: The Retraction of Rizal

• Rizal's retraction document supposedly reaffirms his Catholic faith before execution, contradicting his earlier works against the Church.

• The authenticity is contentious, with different accounts regarding the document's existence and context.

• It is argued that despite the retraction, Rizal's legacy remains impactful and heroic, influencing the revolution.

Case Study 4: The Cry of Rebellion

• The "Cry of Rebellion" in 1896 signifies the start of the revolutionary events in the Philippines, with various claims regarding the date and location.

• Prominent accounts identify places like Balintawak and Pugad Lawin, indicating dissent and varied interpretations among historians.

• Analysis: Conflicting accounts signal the need for careful examination of primary sources, as the movements of revolutionary leaders sought to evade Spanish detection.