Science-9-Quarter-2-Module-4

Quarter 2 Module 4: Carbon Atom - A Unique One

Expected Learning Outcomes

• Discuss why carbon is a unique atom.

• Differentiate organic from inorganic compounds.

• Recognize the importance of organic and inorganic compounds in the human body.

Bond Types

Ionic Bond

• Involves the transfer of electrons from one atom (usually a metal) to another (usually a non-metal).

Ion Formation

• Cation: Atom loses electron, becomes positively charged (example: A T O).

• Anion: Atom gains electron, becomes negatively charged (example: A I N).

Covalent Bond

• Involves sharing of valence electrons (example: C V L N B N).

Why the Carbon Atom is Unique?

Valence Electrons

• Carbon has four valence electrons that can be shared to form covalent bonds, allowing it to connect with various atoms.

• Can create long chains and complex structures by sharing with other carbon atoms.

Bond Length

• Carbon can form long carbon-to-carbon chains.

• Capable of straight chain formation, complex branching, and ring structures.

• Unlimited combinations and variations in structures due to carbon's bonding versatility.

Strength of Bonds

• Carbon-carbon single bond (sigma bond) is very strong.

• Sigma bonds primarily formed by the overlap of hybridized orbitals.

Multiple Bond Formation

• Carbon can share more than one electron, forming double and triple bonds.

• Variations in atom sharing lead to numerous potential molecules and compounds.

Organic Compounds

Definition

• Group of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen.

• Capable of forming various bonds with carbons, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and halogens.

Importance

• Essential for all living organisms.

• Hydrocarbons and proteins are examples that can form long and complex structures.

Four Important Organic Compounds

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

Compound Details

Carbohydrates

• Composed of simple sugar molecules.

• Serve as a major source of energy.

Lipids

• Biomolecules that are non-polar and do not dissolve in water.

• Include fats, oils, and waxes; primarily for energy storage.

Proteins

• Large molecules with complex structures crucial for biochemical reactions.

• Found in animal products and some plant sources; vital for cellular tasks.

Nucleic Acids

• Primary information carriers in the cell (e.g., DNA and RNA).

• Govern hereditary characteristics and protein synthesis.

Inorganic Compounds

Definition

• Compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen.

• Some contain hydrogen (e.g., water, hydrochloric acid) but few contain carbon (e.g., carbon dioxide).

Characteristics

1. Composition: Wide range of elements (metals, non-metals); lack C-H bonds.

2. Bonding: Exhibit ionic and covalent bonding.

3. Physical Properties: High melting/boiling points; varying solubility; often crystalline structures.

4. Reactivity: Can behave as acids or bases; participate in redox reactions.

5. Conductivity: Can conduct electricity, especially ionic compounds in solution.

6. Occurrence: Typically found as minerals; not derived from living organisms.

7. Biological Role: Some are essential nutrients (e.g., calcium, magnesium).

Seatwork

Complete the Diagram

• Carbon Atom Characteristics:

  • Valence Electron

  • Bond Length

  • Strength

  • Multiple Bond Formation

Identify Organic Compounds

• Check appropriate boxes for the following elements:

  • Organic: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

  • Compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Type of Organic Compound Description

• Stores genetic code: Nucleic Acids

• Supports bones/muscles: Proteins

• Composed of Nucleotides: Nucleic Acids

• Quick energy source: Carbohydrates

• Protein synthesis: Proteins

• Stores energy: Lipids

Inorganic Compounds Analysis

• Analyze the following compounds:

  • HBr, CH3COOH, Na2SO4, C8H18, HF, KMnO4, CuSO4, C2H2O, CH3OH.