AP WORLD Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

Second Wave of Imperialism (1750–1900):

• During this time, European countries began a new phase of imperialism called the second wave of imperialism

• While still motivated by God, Gold, and Glory, new ideas gave them more reasons to dominate other parts of the world

• The Industrial Revolution helped them gain better technology and stronger economies, making it easier to expand their control

Key Ideologies:

• These ideas were used to justify imperialism, which means taking over other countries or regions

• Industrialized nations expanded into Africa, Asia, and other places to control resources like gold, diamonds, and rubber

• They wanted to find new markets to sell their products and prove their power by claiming land

• These ideas fueled the second wave of imperialism, where European countries spread control worldwide, often with devastating effects on colonized people

1. Nationalism

   1. The pride in your country and the belief that your people are special because of shared language, religion, or culture

   2. People started feeling loyal to their nations instead of kings or queens

   3. Nationalism made countries compete to have the biggest and most powerful empires

   4. Example 1 : Nationalism Driving Unity and Imperial Competition

      1. Germany and Italy became strong unified nations because of nationalism

      2. Countries believed having colonies showed strength and gave them more power

   5. Nationalism made countries want big empires

2. Scientific Racism

   1. This was the belief that some races were better than others, backed by fake “science”

   2. Example 1:  Scientific Racism Justifying Imperialism

      1. Phrenology was a study of skull shapes, which claimed that white people were smarter than other races

      2. Europeans used this to justify taking over lands, saying they were helping “weaker” races

   3. Scientific racism and social Darwinism gave them excuses to conquer others

3. Social Darwinism

   1. Based on the idea of survival of the fittest from Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution

   2. Europeans believed industrialized countries were stronger and had the right to dominate weaker countries

   3. They thought it was natural for strong nations to conquer weaker ones

4. Civilizing Mission

   1. Europeans believed it was their duty to civilize people in other parts of the world

   2. Actions they took included spreading Christianity, introducing Western-style education, government, and culture, and suppressing local languages, religions, and traditions

   3. The civilizing mission forced Western ways on other cultures

Methods of Imperial Expansion (1750–1900):

• In the previous period (1450–1750), European imperialism focused on the Americas and parts of Asia and Southeast Asia

• In Africa, Europeans mainly set up coastal trading posts for resources and enslaved labor

• In this period (1750–1900), imperialism shifted focus to Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia

• Spain and Portugal declined, while Great Britain, France, and the Dutch continued to play major roles

• New players entered the scene, including Germany, Italy, Belgium, the United States, and Japan

Methods of Expansion:

• European countries and new imperial powers used different methods to expand their control

• The focus shifted to Africa and Asia, with states relying on diplomacy, warfare, settler colonies, and neighboring conquests

• These methods often caused harm to indigenous populations, including displacement, cultural suppression, and violence
  

1. State Takeovers of Private Colonies

   1. Some colonies were controlled by individuals or companies instead of governments

   2. Example 1: King Leopold II of Belgium privately controlled the Congo Free State

      1. Claimed to be spreading Christianity and Western education

      2. Actually exploited the colony for resources like rubber, leading to millions of deaths

      3. Public outrage led to the Belgian government taking control in 1908

   3. Other examples include the Dutch government taking over Indonesia from the Dutch East India Company and the British government taking over India from the British East India Company

2.  Diplomacy and Warfare

   1. Diplomacy

      1. Agreements made through negotiation rather than war

      2. Example 1: The Berlin Conference (1884–1885)

         1. European powers divided Africa among themselves without involving African leaders

         2. Created artificial borders, mixing rival groups and dividing unified ones

   2. Warfare

      1. Some powers expanded through military force

      2. Example: France in Algeria

         1. France invaded Algeria after a conflict over unpaid debts and expanded into North Africa

         2. Despite resistance, France maintained control

3. Settler Colonies

   1. Imperial powers claimed lands and sent settlers to establish societies

   2. Example: British colonies in Australia and New Zealand

      1. British settlers built “neo-European” societies

      2. Indigenous populations, like the Aborigines and Maori, suffered greatly due to disease and displacement

4.  Conquering Neighboring Territories

   1. Expanding into nearby lands instead of overseas

   2. United States

      1. Westward expansion under “Manifest Destiny,” the belief that Americans were destined to control land from the Atlantic to the Pacific

      2. Indigenous peoples were forcibly moved to reservations, and children were sent to boarding schools to assimilate them

   3. Russia

      1. Expanded into Central Asia and the Pacific, motivated by the idea of Pan-Slavism, which sought to unite all Slavic people under Russian rule

   4. Japan

      1. After industrialization during the Meiji Restoration, Japan expanded into Korea, Manchuria, and parts of China

Causes of Colonized People Resistance to Imperialism (1750–1900):

• Questions about Political Authority

  • Western-style education introduced Enlightenment ideas (e.g., popular sovereignty, social contract)

  • Educated colonized peoples questioned the legitimacy of foreign domination

  • Many resisted without Western education, relying on their own traditions

• Rise of Nationalism

  • Imperial powers imposed their culture and language on colonized peoples

  • Nationalism grew as a reaction, leading people to fight for self-rule and independence

• Example 1:  Direct Resistance - Yaa Asantewaa War (War of the Golden Stool)

  • Armed and violent rebellions against imperial powers

  • Took place in the Asante Kingdom in West Africa against the British

  • The British wanted the Asante’s symbolic golden stool, representing unity and authority

  • Queen Mother Yaa Asantewaa led the Asante people in armed resistance

  • Despite their efforts, the British won due to superior weapons and claimed the territory

• Example 2: Creation of New States - Cherokee Nation

  • Indigenous groups created new states on the edges of colonial empires

  • In the United States, indigenous peoples like the Cherokee faced forced removal through the Indian Removal Act of 1835

  • The Cherokee established a semi-autonomous government in Oklahoma territory after being displaced

  • Over time, U.S. expansion marginalized the Cherokee and incorporated their land

• Example 3: Religious Movements - Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement

  • Resistance rooted in spiritual beliefs and prophecies

  • In Southern Africa, the Xhosa faced British encroachment and cattle diseases from Europe

  • A prophecy encouraged the Xhosa to kill their cattle, believing this would bring healthy livestock and ancestral spirits to drive out the British

  • The movement led to widespread starvation and made it easier for the British to take over Xhosa land

Cause of Imperialism on the Global Economy:

1. Need for Raw Materials

   1. Industrialized imperial powers required resources for their factories

   2. Colonies were reorganized to extract resources like cotton, palm oil, and guano

   3. Example:

      1. Egypt and India: Exported cotton to Britain after the U.S. Civil War disrupted cotton supply

      2. West Africa: Produced palm oil for soap and as a lubricant for factory machines

      3. Pacific Islands: Extracted guano (bird poop) for fertilizer

2. Urbanization and Food Supply

   1. Growing industrial cities needed food and other consumables

   2. Colonies shifted to producing cash crops and goods for export, including:

      1. Sugar and coffee: Grown to meet rising global demand

      2. Meat: Industrial ranching in Argentina and Brazil supplied middle-class diets in industrial nations

Colonial Export Economies:

• Before colonization, most regions relied on subsistence farming

  • Farmers grew diverse crops for survival

• Colonization reorganized these economies into export economies

  • Focused on one or two cash crops or raw materials for export

  • Indigenous farming systems replaced with industrial-scale production

Effects on Colonized Regions:

• Imperial powers exploited colonies for raw materials and food, transforming local economies

• Colonized peoples became economically dependent on imperial states, reinforcing inequality in global trade systems

1. Profits Used to Purchase Manufactured Goods

   1. Colonies exported raw materials but had to buy finished goods from imperial powers

   2. Example:

      1. Britain integrated colonies into trade networks to serve as markets for British products

      2. Colonies became reliant on imports to meet basic needs

2. Economic Dependence

   1. Colonial economies served the interests of imperial powers, not the local populations

   2. Indigenous people became dependent on colonizers for goods and wellbeing

   3. Colonized regions lacked diversification, leaving them vulnerable to global market fluctuations

Economic Imperialism (1750–1900):

• Economic imperialism: A form of control where one state dominates another’s economy without full political colonization

• Cheaper and less resource-intensive than full colonization

• Imperial powers used economic means to exploit non-industrialized regions for their own benefit

• Example 1: Opium Wars in China

  • China restricted British trade to one port, causing a trade imbalance

  • British silver flowed into China in exchange for silk, porcelain, and tea, but few Chinese goods were imported into Britain

  • Britain illegally exported opium from India to China, creating widespread addiction and reversing the trade imbalance

  • Qing officials banned opium imports and destroyed shipments in Canton

  • Britain retaliated, leading to the First Opium War

  • British military superiority forced China to sign the Treaty of Nanking, opening more ports to British trade

  • The Second Opium War involved Britain and France, resulting in more unequal treaties

  • Western powers, Russia, and Japan divided China into spheres of influence, dominating its economy

• Example 2: British Investment in Argentina

  • British businesses and banks invested in building railroads and ports in Argentina

  • Modern trading ports like Buenos Aires facilitated the export of raw materials to Britain

  • Argentina’s economy became reliant on British investment and trade, benefiting British businesses more than the local population

Reorganization of Colonial Economies:

• Focus on Commodities:

  • Imperial powers reorganized colonies to produce specific goods demanded by industrial powers

  • Examples:

    • Cotton from India and Egypt exported to Britain for textiles

    • Palm oil from Sub-Saharan Africa used for industrial goods like soap and machine lubricants

• Economic Dependence:

  • Colonial economies were dependent on the demand for their exports, leaving them vulnerable to market fluctuations

Effects of Economic Imperialism:

• Economic Advantage for Imperial Powers:

  • Imperial nations shaped the global economy to benefit their industries

• Exploitation of Colonized Populations:

  • Colonized regions became economically dependent on imperial powers

  • Local populations suffered as their economies were reoriented to meet foreign demands

Causes of Migration:

1. Environmental Causes

   1. Demographic Changes:

      1. Global population grew rapidly due to new medicines and better diets, increasing lifespans

      2. Rural poverty rose as mechanized farming displaced agricultural workers, pushing them to migrate to cities for industrial jobs

   2. Famine:

      1. Example 1: Irish Potato Famine (1840s)

         1. A potato blight caused widespread starvation in Ireland, leading millions to die or emigrate, especially to U.S. urban centers

2.  Technological Advances

   1. New transportation technologies like railroads and steamships made migration faster and cheaper

   2. Facilitated both international and domestic migration

   3. Allowed some migrants, like Lebanese merchants in the Americas, to return home

3. Economic Causes

   1. People migrated for work, driven by economic hardship or poverty

   2. Voluntary Migration:

      1. Millions of Irish, Italian, and German immigrants moved to U.S. cities for jobs

      2. Chinese immigrants worked in industries like railroads in the U.S. West Coast

   3. Forced or Semi-Coerced Migration:

      1. Coerced Labor:

         1. Atlantic Slave Trade continued in the early part of this period

      2. Convict Labor: British and French sent convicts to penal colonies in places like Australia and French Guiana to work on colonial projects

   4. Indentured Servitude:

      1. Laborers signed contracts to work for 3–7 years in exchange for passage to new destinations

      2. Example 1: Indian laborers migrated to British colonies in the Caribbean, Africa, and Southeast Asia, while Chinese laborers worked in tin mines in Malaysia

Effects of Migration:

1. Urbanization

   1. Most migrants settled in cities, causing rapid urban growth

   2. Industrial cities in Europe experienced significant population booms

2. Economic Integration

   1. Migrants fueled industrial and colonial economies by filling labor shortages

3. Cultural Diversity

   1. Migrants contributed to cultural exchanges in destination societies

   2. Examples include Lebanese merchants in the Americas and Chinese workers in Southeast Asia

4. Gender Imbalance in Home Societies

   1. Most migrants during this period were men seeking work in urban centers or cash crop operations

   2. Resulted in more women than men in home societies, leading to significant changes:

      1. Women took on traditionally male roles, such as tending livestock and breaking ground for planting

      2. Family structures shifted, with women leading households (e.g., 60% of households in South Africa were female-led)

      3. Women gained financial independence in some regions by selling excess food in markets

5. Growth of Ethnic Enclaves

   1. Definition: Ethnic enclaves are areas where migrants from the same ethnicity and culture live together in foreign societies

   2. Effects of Ethnic Enclaves:

      1. Provided familiarity and cultural preservation:

      2. Migrants practiced their religion, spoke their native languages, and maintained traditional customs

      3. Example: Indian enclaves in Malaysia and Natal practiced Hindu and Muslim traditions together

   3. Contributed to cultural diffusion:

      1. Irish enclaves in U.S. cities increased the presence of Catholicism in a predominantly Protestant society

      2. Chinese enclaves in Southeast Asia became key players in the colonial economy

6. Rise of Nativism

   1. Definition: Nativism is the policy of prioritizing native-born people over immigrants, often rooted in ethnic and racial prejudice

   2. Despite migrants filling low-wage jobs and contributing to the economy, they faced backlash due to cultural differences and discrimination

   3. Example 1: United States

      1. The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) banned almost all Chinese immigration

      2. This was fueled by resentment against Chinese workers, who faced anti-Chinese riots and lynchings

   4. Example 2: Australia

      1. The White Australia Policy aimed to maintain a white British population by restricting Asian immigration

Essential Questions:

1. How did ideologies contribute to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900? 

• Ideologies such as nationalism, scientific racism, social Darwinism, and the civilizing mission provided justification for imperial powers to dominate non-industrialized regions.

• Nationalism fueled imperial competition as countries sought to demonstrate power by acquiring colonies.

• Scientific racism and social Darwinism rationalized the exploitation of “inferior” races.

• The civilizing mission framed imperialism as a duty to uplift “less advanced” societies through Western values and institutions.

2. By which processes did state power shift in various parts of the world between 1750 and 1900?

• Colonization: Direct military conquest and administration, as seen in British control of India and Algeria by France.

• Economic Imperialism: Control exerted through economic means, such as Britain’s dominance over China’s economy through the Opium Wars and spheres of influence.

• New States: Indigenous groups like the Cherokee in the U.S. created semi-autonomous states in response to colonial encroachment.

• Resistance Movements: Armed rebellions (e.g., Yaa Asantewaa War) and religious movements (e.g., Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement) attempted to push back against imperial powers.
  

3. How and why did internal and external factors influence the process of state building from 1750 to 1900?

• Internal Factors: Nationalism unified fragmented regions into cohesive states (e.g., Germany and Italy). Internal rebellions, such as the Taiping Rebellion, weakened existing states like the Qing Dynasty.

• External Factors: Industrialized nations imposed imperial control, as seen in the division of Africa during the Berlin Conference and economic dominance in Latin America and Asia.

• States like Japan used industrialization during the Meiji Restoration to build power and avoid colonization.

4. How have economic systems and the development of ideologies, values, and institutions influenced each other?

• Industrialization drove the need for raw materials, leading to imperial expansion and the reorganization of colonial economies to focus on cash crops and resource extraction.

• Ideologies like social Darwinism justified economic exploitation, reinforcing systems of racial and class hierarchy.

• Institutions such as ethnic enclaves facilitated cultural preservation and diffusion, but also provoked nativist backlash, influencing immigration policies like the Chinese Exclusion Act.

5. To what extent have legal systems, colonialism, nationalism, and independence movements sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial hierarchies over time? 

• Sustained Hierarchies:

  • Colonialism reinforced racial hierarchies through systems like coerced labor and racial segregation in colonies.

  • Legal systems like the Chinese Exclusion Act and the White Australia Policy institutionalized discrimination against immigrants.

• Challenged Hierarchies:

  • Independence movements fueled by nationalism challenged imperial control and colonial dominance.

  • Gender roles shifted in home societies of migrants, with women taking on traditionally male roles and gaining financial independence in some cases.

6. How did various environmental factors contribute to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900?

• Agricultural advances and mechanization displaced rural workers, pushing them to migrate to cities and fueling urbanization.

• Famines like the Irish Potato Famine disrupted local economies and forced mass migration, creating labor pools in industrial economies.

• The demand for land and resources, such as cotton and palm oil, transformed global agricultural practices and reinforced colonial export economies.

7. How did various economic factors contribute to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900?

• Industrialization created a demand for raw materials, leading to the establishment of cash crop economies in colonies.

• Economic imperialism, as seen in China and Argentina, integrated regions into global trade networks that served imperial interests.

• Cheap labor systems, such as indentured servitude and coerced labor, fueled industrial production and economic growth in imperial states.

8. How did various environmental factors contribute to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900?

• Population growth due to improved medicine and diets pushed rural workers to migrate to cities or other countries for jobs.

• Environmental crises, such as famines caused by agricultural failures, forced mass migrations (e.g., Irish Potato Famine).

• New transportation technologies, such as railroads and steamships, facilitated migration and allowed for greater mobility across regions.

9. How and why did new patterns of migration affect society from 1750 to 1900?

• Migration caused gender imbalances in home societies, leading women to assume traditionally male roles and gain independence.

• Ethnic enclaves preserved migrant cultures and facilitated cultural diffusion in destination societies, such as the spread of Catholicism in U.S. cities due to Irish immigrants.

• Nativist movements in receiving societies led to restrictive immigration policies, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and the White Australia Policy, highlighting tensions between migrants and native-born populations.

Vocabulary:

• Matthew Perry: U.S. naval officer who opened Japan to trade with the West in 1854, ending its isolation.

• Nationalism: An ideology promoting pride and loyalty to one’s nation, driving imperial expansion and independence movements.

• Liberalism: A political philosophy advocating for individual rights, representative governments, and free markets.

• Giuseppe Garibaldi: Italian nationalist and military leader who played a key role in unifying Italy.

• Otto von Bismarck: Prussian statesman who unified Germany using nationalism and realpolitik.

• Emilio Aguinaldo: Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spanish and later American rule.

• Zulu: A South African ethnic group known for resisting British and Boer (Afrikaner) expansion in the 19th century.

• Afrikaners: Descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa, involved in conflicts with the British during the Boer Wars.

• Sokoto Caliphate: A major Islamic state in West Africa that resisted European colonization.

• King Leopold II: Belgian king who controlled the Congo Free State, exploiting its resources and people.

• Henry Morton Stanley: Explorer who mapped central Africa and helped establish Belgian control in the Congo.

• Savorgnan de Brazza: French explorer who secured territories in central Africa for France, competing with Belgian expansion.

• Berlin Conference: A meeting (1884-85) where European powers divided Africa into colonies without consulting African leaders.

• Modernization: The process of adopting industrialization and infrastructure to compete with Western powers.

• Suez Canal: A key waterway in Egypt linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas, crucial for global trade.

• Menelik II: Ethiopian emperor who successfully resisted Italian colonization by modernizing Ethiopia’s military.

• Recaptives: Africans freed from slave ships by British patrols and resettled in Sierra Leone.

• Nawab: A ruler or governor in South Asia under Mughal or British rule.

• Sepoy: Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company, central to the 1857 rebellion.

• British Raj: The period of British colonial rule in India following the suppression of the Sepoy Rebellion.

• Sepoy Rebellion: A major uprising in 1857 by Indian soldiers against British rule, sparked by cultural and economic grievances.

• Durbar: Grand ceremonial events in British India to display imperial power and prestige.

• Indian Civil Service: The administrative bureaucracy of British India, predominantly staffed by British officials.

• Indian National Congress: Organization founded in 1885 to advocate for Indian self-rule and independence.

• Spanish-American War: A conflict in 1898 where the U.S. defeated Spain, gaining territories like the Philippines and Puerto Rico.

• Panama Canal: A waterway completed by the U.S., connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to enhance global trade.

• Crimean War: A war (1853-1856) between Russia and an alliance of Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire over influence in the Black Sea region.

• Slavophiles: Russian intellectuals who opposed Westernization, advocating for traditional Slavic culture.

• Pan-Slavism: A nationalist movement promoting the unity of Slavic peoples, used by Russia to justify territorial expansion.

• Yamagata Aritomo: Japanese leader who modernized the military and promoted imperial expansion during the Meiji era.

• Benito Juarez: Mexican reformist president who resisted French intervention and fought for land Tecumseh: A Native American leader who resisted U.S. expansion into indigenous lands.

• Caste War: A rebellion by the Maya in Mexico against the government to protect their autonomy and culture.

• Legitimate Trade: Trade in goods like palm oil and ivory, promoted to replace the slave trade in Africa.

• Cecil Rhodes: British imperialist who expanded British influence in southern Africa and founded Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

• Extraterritoriality: The legal right for foreign citizens to be tried under their own laws, often imposed on weaker states like China.

• Opium War: Conflicts between Britain and China over the illegal British opium trade, leading to China’s economic subjugation.

• Bannerman: Hereditary Qing soldiers whose declining effectiveness contributed to China’s vulnerability to foreign powers.

• Treaty of Nanking: Treaty ending the First Opium War, forcing China to cede territory and open ports to British trade.

• Treaty Ports: Chinese cities opened to foreign trade under unequal treaties following the Opium Wars.

• Most-Favored-Nation Status: A treaty clause guaranteeing one nation the same trade privileges as the most favored trading partner.

• Contracts of Indenture: Agreements where laborers worked for a set period in exchange for passage to new destinations.

• Acculturation: The process of adopting aspects of a new culture while maintaining elements of the original culture.