Chapter 3 functional units New
Page 1: Introduction to Brain and Behavior
Overview of the nervous system's functional units.
Title: "Introduction to Brain and Behavior" by Myers, DeWall, Kolb, Whishaw, Teskey.
Focus on the understanding of neural units.
Page 2: Internal Structure of a Cell
Historical Context: Debate in the early 1900s
Key Contributions:
Golgi's view: Nervous system as a "nerve net".
Cajal's hypothesis: Nervous system composed of discrete cells; supported neuron hypothesis.
Neurons are the units of brain function.
Page 3: Two Views of a Cell
Cajal's use of the Golgi stain demonstrated discrete cells in the nervous system, contrary to Golgi's integrated view.
Cajal's neuron theory: Neurons recognized as the fundamental units of brain function and organization.
Page 4: Basic Structure of a Neuron
Neuron Structure:
Soma (Cell Body): Core region of the neuron.
Dendrites: Branching extensions collecting information from other cells.
Axon: Main root carrying messages away from the cell body; typically has one axon but numerous dendrites.
Page 5: The Basis of Information Processing: Neurons
Neurons work in groups, producing behaviors through networks.
Neural Networks: Groups of neurons connect brain areas and spinal cord.
Ongoing mapping efforts for the human brain's connectome, revealing neuronal plasticity.
Page 6: Major Parts of a Neuron
Core components of neurons: Dendrites, soma, and axon.
Page 7: Subdivisions of Neurons
Three Basic Subdivisions:
Dendrites: Gather information meditating input.
Soma: Core region integrating information.
Axon: Outputs information to other cells.
Page 8: Structure and Function of the Neuron (Part 1)
Dendritic Spines: Protrusions increasing surface area for contacts with other neurons.
Axon Hillock: Area where action potential initiation occurs.
Page 9: Structure and Function of the Neuron (Part 2)
Axon Collaterals: Branches of the axon.
Telodendria: End branches for signal transmission.
Terminal Button (End Foot): Knob conveying information to other neurons across the synapse.
Page 10: Information Flow Through a Neuron
Overview of signal propagation within neurons.
Page 11: Three Functions of Neurons
Neuronal Types:
Sensory Neurons: Relay signals from sensory receptors to spinal cord.
Interneurons: Associate sensory and motor activities.
Motor Neurons: Transmit signals from brain/spinal cord to muscles.
Page 12: Neuron Shape and Function
Describes types of neurons:
Sensory Neurons: Detect and relay stimulation.
Interneurons: Process information and connect to motor neurons.
Page 13: Sensory Neurons
Types of Sensory Neurons:
Bipolar Neuron: A single axon and dendrite relaying visual info.
Somatosensory Neuron: Brings body sensory information to the spinal cord.
Page 14: Interneurons (Association Cells)
Types of Interneurons:
Stellate Cells: Small, numerous dendrites in larger brains.
Pyramidal Cells: Pyramid-shaped with long axons; convey info within the brain.
Purkinje Cells: Highly branched, wide-reaching cells connecting cerebellum and brain/spinal cord.
Page 15: Motor Neurons
Reside in the lower brain and spinal cord with extensive dendritic networks, facilitating muscle connection.
Page 16: Neuronal Networks
Flow of information: afferent sensory neurons to interneurons to efferent motor neurons, resulting in behavior.
Three primary organization aspects: input, association, output.
Page 17: The Language of Neurons: Excitation and Inhibition
Neurons process thousands of excitatory and inhibitory signals, affecting behavior.
Page 18: Classes of Glial Cells
Glial Cells: Supportive functions in repair and waste elimination.
Five classes include ependymal, astrocytes, microglial, oligodendroglial, and Schwann cells.
Page 19: Ependymal Cells
Function: Produce and secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); involved in hydrocephalus if CSF flow is obstructed.
Page 20: Astrocytes (or Astroglia)
Functions: Structural support, transport nutrients, enhance brain activity, and promote healing.
Subject of current research in neuron-to-neuron communication.
Page 21: Blood–Brain Barrier
Astrocytes facilitate formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier; critical for neuron health and repair.
Page 22: Microglia
Immune cells of the brain; scavenge debris, regulate health, and respond to damage.
Page 23: Oligodendroglia and Schwann Cells
Myelin: Glial coating around axons; important for efficient neural signal transmission.
Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate axons in the CNS; Schwann cells do so in the PNS.
Page 24: Detecting Brain Damage
Overview of methods and implications of assessing neuronal damage.
Page 25: Glial Cells, Disease, and Neuron Repair
Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Affects myelin, hindering nervous system function.
Different repair potentials in the CNS vs. PNS.
Page 26: Neuron Repair
Mechanisms and challenges in neuronal repair post-injury.
Page 27: Internal Structure of a Cell
Cells: Characterized by proteins and various compounds essential for cellular functions.
Page 28: The Basics Chemistry Review
Key concepts: Molecules, elements, atoms, ions, and their interactions crucial for cellular function.
Page 29: The Cell as a Factory
Important terms related to cellular structures related to functions.
Page 30: Cell Membrane: Barrier and Gatekeeper
Functions of the cell membrane in regulating substance movement and structural components.
Page 31: Bilayer Cell Membrane
Description of the phospholipid bilayer's structural properties.
Page 32: The Nucleus and Protein Synthesis
Nucleus: Functions as the cell's executive office; genetic material organization and protein synthesis explanation.
Page 33: Chromosome
Explanation of chromosome structure and significance in DNA organization.
Page 34: Protein Synthesis
Overview of processes involved in protein synthesis.
Page 35: The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Manufacture
Explains the roles of ribosomes and processes involved in translating mRNA into proteins.
Page 36: Protein Synthesis
Overview and reiteration of the mechanisms in protein synthesis.
Page 37: Transcription and Translation in Protein Synthesis
Description of the transcription and translation processes critical for synthesizing proteins.
Page 38: Proteins: The Cell’s Product
Breakdown of amino acids and their structural significance within proteins.
Page 39: Golgi Bodies and Microtubules: Protein Packaging and Shipment
Functions of Golgi bodies in protein transport and the role of microtubules.
Page 40: Crossing the Cell Membrane: Channels, Gates, and Pumps (Part 1)
Description of how proteins facilitate substance movement through cell membranes via shape changes.
Page 41: Transmembrane Proteins
Explanation of various membrane proteins and their functional roles in substance transport.