Lecture 1_PSY250.02_PPT

Introduction to Biopsychology

Biopsychology is the study of how biological processes influence behavior, emotions, and thoughts. This field intersects with various disciplines such as biological psychology, psychobiology, and behavioral neuroscience, each of which explores the complex interactions between the mind and body.

Major Divisions of Biopsychology

The field of biopsychology can be subdivided into several major divisions:

1. Physiological Psychology

• Focuses on physiological mechanisms underlying behavior.

• Often involves direct manipulation and recording of the brain, primarily using nonhuman subjects.

2. Psychopharmacology

• Examines how drugs impact the brain and behavior, looking at both therapeutic and adverse effects.

3. Neuropsychology

• Studies the functions and dysfunctions of the nervous system.

• Uses a variety of tests to assess how behavior is affected by brain damage or neurological disorders.

4. Psychophysiology

• Employs physiological measurements to study psychological processes in humans. This includes techniques like measuring skin conductance responses.

5. Cognitive Neuroscience

• Investigates the neural bases of cognition, linking brain activity to thinking processes.

6. Comparative Psychology

• Explores the biology of behavior in humans and other animals, integrating aspects of ethology, evolutionary psychology, and behavioral genetics.

Neuroanatomy and Related Fields

Biopsychology further delves into specific areas:

Neuroanatomy

• The study of the structures of the nervous system, including major brain regions and their functions.

Neurophysiology

• Focuses on the biological functions of the nervous system, including how nerve cells communicate and influence behavior.

Neuroendocrinology

• Investigates the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system, particularly how hormones affect brain function and behavior.

Neurochemistry

• Covers the chemical processes and substances in the brain, including neurotransmitters and their roles in communication between neurons.

Neuropathology

• Studies the pathological aspects of nervous system disorders, helping to understand diseases and injuries.

Neuropharmacology

• Examines the effects of drugs on the nervous system, analyzing therapeutic effects and side effects.

Human and Nonhuman Subjects in Research

When studying biopsychology, researchers may work with both human and nonhuman subjects. Each has its advantages:

Advantages of Human Subjects

• Ability to follow directions and report subjective experiences, providing insights into thoughts and emotions.

• Research can be tailored to assess complex cognitive and behavioral patterns in an intricate human brain.

Advantages of Nonhuman Subjects

• Simpler nervous systems allow for clearer analysis of fundamental biological processes.

• Fewer ethical constraints and the ability to study neurological functions across species enhances understanding at varying mechanistic levels.

Experimental Methods in Biopsychology

Measuring and Manipulating Brain Activity

To understand brain function, biopsychologists employ various methods:

1. Measure Brain Activity - Using techniques like fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) allows researchers to observe active brain regions during tasks.

2. Manipulate Brain Activity - Techniques such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) or optogenetics enable researchers to activate or inhibit specific neurons, studying the effects on behavior.

Course Information: PSY 250.02 Survey in Biopsychology

This course includes lectures focusing on the major themes of biopsychology:

• The syllabus covers required materials, class organization, learning objectives, and examination formats.

• The course is structured into sections covering biological foundations, sensory systems, behavior control, and neurological disorders.

Instructor and TA Information

• Instructor: Xi Chen, with specified office hours and communication details.

• TAs: Names and contact information provided for assistance with class material.

Grading and Exam Policies

• The grading system is based on the best exam scores and extra points from class activities. Students are encouraged to prepare thoroughly for each exam and participate actively in class.

Neurons and Neural Structure

Overview of Neurons

Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, specialized for transmitting information through an electrochemical process.

Structure of Neurons

• Dendrites: Receive input from other neurons.

• Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus and organelles, integrating signals.

• Axon: Sends output signals to other neurons or muscles.

Classification of Neurons

1. Sensory Neurons (Afferent): Carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.

2. Interneurons: Relay signals within the CNS, contributing to reflexes and processing.

3. Motor Neurons (Efferent): Conduct signals from the CNS to muscles and glands, facilitating responses.

Classification According to Shape

• Unipolar Neurons: One process extending, common in sensory systems.

• Bipolar Neurons: Two processes, found in sensory pathways like the retina.

• Multipolar Neurons: More than two processes, the most common type in the brain.

Supporting Cells: Glia

Glial cells play crucial supporting roles in the nervous system:

• Schwann Cells: Form myelin in the PNS aiding in nerve regeneration.

• Oligodendrocytes: Create myelin in the CNS.

• Astrocytes: Star-shaped cells involved in nutrient support and blood-brain barrier stabilization.

• Microglia: Act as immune cells within the brain, responding to injury and disease.