Chapter 1 Slides

Introductory Chemistry

• Title: Introductory Chemistry (Second Edition)

• Author: Kevin Revell (2021)

• Publisher: Macmillan Learning

Importance of Chemistry

• Chemistry is fundamental in various realms of daily life and other scientific disciplines such as:

  • Environmental Science

  • Agriculture

  • Biology and Medicine

  • Physics

  • Engineering

  • Geology

  • Materials Science

Describing Matter

• Definition of Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space (volume).

Composition and Structure

• Composition: Refers to what a substance is made of.

• Structure: Describes how the components of a substance are arranged.

Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds

• Atom: The smallest unit of matter.

• Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom.

Compounds and Molecules

• Compounds: Substances composed of two or more elements bound in fixed ratios.

• Molecules: Groups of atoms that bond tightly together and act as a single unit.

Mixtures

• Definition: Mixtures consist of two or more substances not bound in fixed ratios.

• Example: Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.

Types of Mixtures

• Homogeneous Mixtures: Components are uniformly distributed (e.g., salt water).

• Heterogeneous Mixtures: Components are not uniformly mixed (e.g., sand in water).

Defining Matter

• Pure Substances: Consist of only one type of atom or compound.

  • Elements: One type of atom.

  • Compounds: Different types of atoms bonded together.

• Mixtures: Comprise more than one substance.

  • Homogeneous: Evenly blended.

  • Heterogeneous: Not evenly blended.

States of Matter

• Solid: Has a definite shape and volume.

• Liquid: Has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container.

• Gas: Has no definite shape or volume.

Transitions Between States of Matter

• Temperature Effects:

  • Vaporization: Transition from liquid to gas.

  • Condensation: Transition from gas to liquid.

  • Melting: Transition from solid to liquid.

  • Freezing: Transition from liquid to solid.

Particle Arrangement

• Substance behavior is determined by the arrangement of particles.

Properties and Changes (Part 1)

• Physical Properties: Measurable properties without altering the substance's identity:

  • Mass

  • Volume

  • Temperature

  • Color

  • Hardness

Properties and Changes (Part 2)

• Physical Changes: Changes that do not alter the identity of a substance (e.g., phase changes).

Chemical Properties and Changes

• Chemical Properties: Measured only by changing the substance's identity.

• Chemical Changes: Result in the formation of new substances, often referred to as chemical reactions.

Energy and Change

• Energy: The capacity to perform work.

  • Potential Energy: Stored energy.

  • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.

  • Heat Energy: Associated with the kinetic energy of particles in a substance.

Changes in Energy during Reactions

• Chemical changes involve energy transformation, moving from higher to lower energy states and vice versa.

Exothermic and Endothermic Changes

• Exothermic: Processes that release heat.

• Endothermic: Processes that absorb heat.

The Scientific Method

• Hypothesis: A tentative explanation that has yet to be tested.

• Theory: A well-substantiated explanation based on a body of evidence.

• Scientific Law: A statement summarizing observable phenomena.

Scientific Communication

• Findings are communicated through scientific papers, detailing research studies and results.